Cicero, Pro Caelio 1-18 and 30b-55: A Basic Grammatical Commentary for Students

Cicero, Pro Caelio 1-18 and 30b-55: A Basic Grammatical Commentary for Students This is very much a work in progress. Please send comments and corrections to: [emailprotected]

Last revised: 2020-04-01

Resources Text: *A. C. Clark, ed. Cicero: Orationes, I: Pro Sex. Roscio, De Imperior Cn. Pompei, Pro Cluentio, In Catilinam, Pro Murena, Pro Caelio. Oxford, 1905.1 [ http://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com.cyber.usask.ca/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198146056.book.1/actrade-9780198146056div1-16?r-1=1.000&wm-1=1&t-1=contents-tab&p1-1=1&w1-1=1.000&p2-1=1&w2-1=0.000&p3-1=1&w3-1=0.000 ]

Perseus: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0010:text=Cael. 2 PHI texts: http://latin.packhum.org/loc/474/24/0#0 3 Commentaries: *W. Englert. Cicero: Pro Caelio. Bryn Mawr, 1990. S. Ciraolo. Cicero: Pro Caelio. 3rd ed. Mundelein, 2010. E. Keitel and J. W. Crawford. Cicero: Pro Caelio. Newburyport, 2010. *R. G. Austin. M. Tulli Ciceronis pro M. Caelio oratio. 3rd ed. Oxford, 1960. *A. R. Dyck. Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio. Cambridge, 2013. Grammars and Dictionaries: *J.H. Allen and J.B. Greenough. Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar [A&G] https://archive.org/details/allengreenoughsn00alleiala/page/n6

*J.R. Porter. Short Latin Grammar (reference/review for advanced students who have already completed firstyear Latin): http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/latin/latn400/ShortLatGrammar.pdf B.L. Gildersleeve and G. Lodge. Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar [G&L] https://archive.org/details/gildersleeveslat00gilduoft/page/n6

E.C. Woodcock. A New Latin Syntax [ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106010985098 ] *Oxford Latin Dictionary [OLD]

This text is in the public domain: https://archive.org/details/orationesrecogno01ciceuoft/page/n7. Clark’s edition is the official text for the course (reproduced in Austin) and the one to which my commentary is keyed. (Note that the latter procedure can lead to potential confusion at times. E.g., the reference 14.25 alludes to a line near the bottom of one page, while the reference 14.1 refers to the first line of the page that follows.) In the end, there will be very few points of substance on which the texts of Clark and Englert disagree. In class, I will occasionally opt for alternate readings presented, e.g., by Austin, Dyck, or others. A pdf version with select variant readings is available at: http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/latin/latn400/caeliotxt.pdf 2 A. C. Clarke, ed. Note: because the Perseus site has the odd habit of ending its URLs in a period, merely clicking on the above link won’t work: you have to copy it and paste it into your browser. If you use Perseus, you need to be wary of typos. You also need to chunk the text by clicking on “text” in the section in the side-bar that reads “text : chapter : section.” Otherwise you are likely to discover that parts of the speech are omitted due to a conflict in the two traditional ways of numbering the sections in Cicero’s speeches. 3 A. C. Clarke, ed. 1

M. Caelius Rufus M. Caelius Rufus (frgs.)4 https://www.loebclassics.com.cyber.usask.ca/view/fragmentary_republican_latin-oratory/2019/pb_LCL542.275.xml

Cicero’s Correspondence with Caelius5 ad Fam. 8.1: From M. Caelius Rufus in Rome, to Cicero on his journey to Cilicia, 24 May-1 June 51 BC [ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Fam.+8.1.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0009 ]

ad Fam. 8.2: From M. Caelius Rufus in Rome, to Cicero on his journey, June 51 BC [ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Fam.+8.2.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0009 ]

ad Fam. 8.3: From M. Caelius Rufus in Rome, to Cicero on his way to Cilicia, June 51 BC [ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Fam.+8.3.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0009 ]

ad Fam. 2.8: To M. Caelius Rufus in Rome, from Athens, 6 July 51 BC [ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Fam.+2.8.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0009 ]

ad Fam. 8.4: From M. Caelius Rufus in Rome, to Cicero in Cilicia, 1 August 51 BC [ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Fam.+8.4.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0009 ]

ad Fam. 8.5: From M. Caelius Rufus in Rome, to Cicero in Cilicia, August 51 BC [ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Fam.+8.5.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0009 ]

ad Fam. 8.9: From M. Caelius Rufus in Rome, to Cicero in Cilicia, 2 September 51 BC [ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Fam.+8.9.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0009 ]

ad Fam. 8.8: From M. Caelius Rufus in Rome, to Cicero in Cilicia, October 51 BC [ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Fam.+8.8.1&frfcciomdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0009 ]

ad Fam. 2.10: To M. Caelius Rufus at Rome, from Pindenissus, 26 November 51 BC [ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Fam.+2.10.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0009 ]

Poems of Catullus http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.02.0003 http://latin.packhum.org/loc/472/1/0#0 http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/catullus.shtml

Introduction to Catullus [ http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/CourseNotes/CatullusNotes.html ] Roman Comedy (recommended background reading) Introduction to Roman Comedy [ http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/CourseNotes/RomNewCom.html ] Terence: The Brothers [ https://www-loebclassics-com.cyber.usask.ca/view/LCL023/2001/volume.xml ] Plautus: The Two Bacchises [ https://www-loebclassics-com.cyber.usask.ca/view/LCL060/2011/volume.xml ]

4 5

See, further, Ciraolo, App. B. Dyck 6.

Useful Articles Craig, C.P. “Teaching Cicero’s Speech for Caelius: What Enquiring Minds Want to Know,” CJ 90 (1995) 407-22. [ https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297831?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ]

Background The Pro Caelio is not only a tour de force of Ciceronian forensic oratory but offers a rich source of material for anyone interested in Republican Roman politics, social history, and literature, with particularly close ties to Roman satire, Roman comedy, and the poems of Catullus.6 The essential background is provided by Englert. For more detail consult the commentaries by Austin (with appendices) and Dyck. An excellent account is also available in T. P. Wiseman’s Catullus and his World. The case against M. Caelius Rufus was tried on 3-4 April 56 BC. Cicero spoke for the defense, the last of three speakers. The background to the Pro Caelio is easy to lose sight of, since Cicero spends most of the speech on what are essentially irrelevant matters.7 The actual grounds of the case concern the attempt of the king of Alexandria and Egypt, Ptolemy Auletes, to win the Romans’ help in restoring him to his throne. Ptolemy’s earlier reliance on Roman aid — and the high taxes required in order to sway Roman policy-makers — had led to a popular revolt in 58 BC that caused Ptolemy to flee to Rome. When the people of Alexandria learned that he was seeking Roman military intervention to restore him to his throne, they sent an embassy of 100 distinguished Alexandrians to plead with the Senate, led by the philosopher Dio. The embassy stopped first at the Bay of Naples, where Ptolemy arranged a series of violent mob scenes that led to the death of several of the ambassadors. Despite the constant threat to their lives, the ambassadors gradually made their way to Rome. At Rome, Dio went into hiding while various political maneuvers stymied Ptolemy’s attempts to sway the Senate. In 57, Ptolemy grew frustrated with the various delays and left to pass his exile in Ephesus (at least for a time) but still saw to it that Dio was assassinated in his place of hiding, the home of a certain Coponius. Various official inquiries and public prosecutions followed. We know of only two Roman citizens who were charged: a certain P. Asicius (who was acquitted with Cic.’s help: Pro Caelio 23-24) and Caelius. Caelius himself was an ambitious young aristocrat, a former protégé of Cicero and Crassus who had gotten caught up in the complex personal politics of the time and who may well have been involved in the Dio affair. 8 As Cicero presents the matter, however, the principal charges against him are two in number: 1) that he had borrowed gold from Clodia, a wealthy and powerful aristocratic femme fatale who was the sister of Cicero’s inveterate enemy Clodius, and 2) that, when Clodia grew uneasy regarding what the loan was for and began to suspect a connection to the assassination of Dio, Caelius attempted to arrange to have her poisoned by her own slaves. Cicero argues that both charges are in fact mere fabrications, the machinations of an older, lascivious female who, having first seduced Caelius and then been rejected by him, is looking to take her revenge. In the speech, therefore, Clodia is presented in a mold similar to that of Sallust’s Sempronia (Bellum Catilinae 25): an aristocratic woman of good birth who pretends to the status of a proper matrona but in fact leads the decadent lifestyle of a semiprofessional meretrix (e.g., Pro Caelio 52), taking advantage of her personal fortune to seduce and ruin young men of more modest means.

Cf. Ciraolo, App. D. See Austin, App. V and Dyck 57 re the charges against Cael. and, for the general background, Dyck 2-4. 8 Further: Austin v-xvi; Dyck 4-6, 14-17. 6 7

The speech shows Cicero at the height of his rhetorical powers9 and provides a treasure-trove of material for those interested in Roman misogyny. In addition to its interesting rhetorical features, it is also a highly literary work in that Cicero repeatedly invokes the genre of Roman comedy, in particular, to present Caelius as the sort of naive young man one meets in the plays of Plautus and Terence: a youthful dupe who is ensnared by the wiles of a practiced older seductress. In his attacks on Clodia’s brother Clodius, Cicero mocks the language of the hip young aristocratic set — a style of speech frequently echoed in the poems of Catullus. Finally, this work is of interest as a source for the life of Clodia, a fascinating individual in her own right who appears in quite a different light in Cicero’s letters. (See J.D. Hejduk’s Clodia: A Sourcebook.) The fact that Clodia has been identified with the Lesbia of Catullus’ poems adds still another interesting twist to this richly entertaining — and thoroughly outrageous — example of Ciceronian invective.10

This Selection This selection presents just over one half of Cic.’s speech — the bulk of the first four sections of the argument — with a focus on the presentation of the characters of Cael. and Clodia. This provides an interesting and useful introduction to Cic.’s rhetorical technique and yields a nice unity. It also focuses on those passages that are likely to offer the most interesting connections to the students’ other studies: Roman women, Roman misogyny, the mixture of the political with the personal in the politics of the Late Republic, insights into prominent historical figures (Cic. himself, Catiline, Clodia), the world of the elite Roman equestrian in the Late Republic, the various literary associations cited earlier in this introduction (comedy, satire, Neoteric poetry), and so forth.

Note on Section Numbers Modern editions employ two independent systems of marginal notation to assist the reader in identifying the discrete divisions within Cic.’s works; neither has any ancient authority.11 The notation indicating the longer units (known as chapters) was first applied in 1618 in an edition by Jan Gruyter; that which divides the text into shorter units (sections) was devised by Alexander Scot for his 1588-9 edition. Neither system is satisfactory and, for some reason, this has traditionally led modern edd. to apply both simultaneously (with disastrous consequences, on occasion, in this age of electronic texts, since the two systems do not overlap: see n. 2). I have followed Dyck in employing only the section divisions. (You can see the unsatisfactory nature of this system in the occasional use of “a” and “b” to indicate natural divisions within the text that would otherwise go unmarked.)

For an excellent overview of the speech’s stylistic features, see Dyck 17-25. See in particular the poems of Catullus presented in Ciraolo, App. A and cf. Austin App. III. 11 See L. S. Fotheringham, G&R 54 (2007) 40-60.

Commentary [For the charges against Cael., and Cic.’s strategy in responding to them in this speech, see Dyck 57-58.] Structure of the speech (following Dyck 58): I.

Exordium (1-2)

II. De M. Caeli vita et moribus I (3-22) III. Refutatio Prima & De M. Caeli vita et moribus II (23-50) IV. Refutatio Secunda: De crimine auri (51-55) V. Refutatio Tertia: De crimine veneni (56-69) VI. Peroratio (70-80)

SIGLA: [ ] — brackets a passage that has been deemed to be a later insertion into the text < > — brackets words that have been inserted by modern edd. to emend a gap in the text † † — brackets a passage that does not admit of reliable emendation (locus desperatus)

EXORDIUM (1-2)

1: [For a diagram of the structure of the opening sentences of the speech, see the final page of my handout at: http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/latin/latn400/ReadingCicero.pdf ] si quis … adsit, … miretur — fut.-less-vivid condition [In Engl., we would be tempted to employ a pres. contrary-to-fact condition here. Instead, Cic. presents a general hypothetical proposition: “if it should be the case that anyone is now here …” or (given the use of adsum) “if anyone were now to arrive/pop up here (in the forum) …”] quis = aliquis (after si, non, nisi, ne) ignarus — pred. (anyone who was unfamiliar with) legum, iudiciorum, consuetudinis — obj. gen. with ignarus [The use of -que here to append the last item in a list, while echoing standard English usage, is somewhat less common in Latin: G&L 481 N.] iudicium — legal proceedings, trial; court consuetudo — (judicial) practice, custom nostrae — goes with all three of the preceding nouns profecto — [“‘In my opinion’ — the word expresses a personal conviction” (Austin)] quae sit tanta atrocitas — indir. question introduced by miretur [Engl. does not combine an interrog. with a demons. adj. in this fashion (“what might be the so great …”). Transl.: “what might be the immense …”] atrocitas — wickedness, heinousness, enormity, monstrousness

huiusce causae — i.e., associated with this case, that distinguishes this case huiusce — huius + deictic enclitic particle -ce [Dyck 17] quod … unum hoc iudicium exerceatur — subj. in subord. clause in indir. discourse quod (conj.) — this is a limiting acc./acc. of respect (“with regard to the fact that”): “that” [A&G 572] (here with the subj. since it constitutes a subord. clause in indir. discourse presenting another person’s point of view [A&G 592.3]. As Austin notes, this stands in place of a consecutive/result clause cued by tanta: “Cicero is stressing the reason for the apparent atrocitas of the case, not its result, and so does not use ut.” diebus festis ludisque publicis — abl. of time [The trial overlapped with the Megalesia (ludi Megalenses), a festival in honor of Cybele that ran from 4-10 April. During this period, most public business was suspended. The defense presented its case on the opening day of this public holiday.] omnibus forensibus negotiis intermissis — abl. abs. forensibus negotiis — legal business (Austin) unum = solum (pred.) 5

exerceo — to keep employed, busy, occupied (with something); conduct; harass, vex nec dubitet —parallel to miretur in 1.2 (i.e., adds a second clause to the apodosis of the fut. less vivid condition with which this paragraph begins) quin … arguatur — quin + subj. following the double negative (nec dubitet quin = he/she would be confident that) [A&G 558a] tanti facinoris —gen. of charge reus — defendant arguo — accuse, charge ut … civitas … non possit — result clause introduced by tanti facinoris eo neglecto — abl. abs. with the force of a conditional clause (eo takes facinus as its antecedent) stare — i.e., survive īdem — masc. nom. sg. (alluding to the indef. [ali]quis with which this paragraph began) cum audiat — [continues the hypothetical tone introduced by si quis …adsit at the opening of this paragraph] legem, quae de seditiosis consceleratisque civibus … cotidie quaeri iubeat (legem) quae … iubeat — subj. in subordinate clause in indir. disc. seditiosus — rebellious, subversive, treacherous, seditious consceleratus — dishonorable, wicked, foul qui obsederint …attulerint … oppugnarint — subj. in subordinate clause in indir. disc. (the clauses are linked via asyndeton) armati — pred. ([while] armed, with arms) oppugnarint = oppugnaverint cotidie / cottidie — daily [I.e., in the case of revolutionary violence against the state, trials/inquiries were to be held immediately.] quaeri — impers. pass. inf. introduced by iubeat (“that a hearing/trial/inquiry be held”)

non improbet … requirat — subj. in apodosis of implied fut. less vivid condition (cum audiat in 1.6-7 ≈ si audiat: a virtual condition). The two clauses here are joined by asyndeton. crimen — charge, alleged offense

quod versetur — most readily taken as a subj. in a rel. clause in indir. discourse. Austin regards it as a rel. clause of characteristic with consecutive force ( “a charge that might be relevant to this court”) — i.e., the imagined speaker himself is presented as employing this construction — or subj. in implied indir. discourse (echoing the allegations of the prosecution: “that charge that, it is alleged, is involved in this suit”) [versor — to be concerned, have to do with, be involved] requiro — seek to know, ask or inquire after cum audiat — repeats the construction introduced at 1.6-7 (cum audiat) [The apodosis of this virtual condition does not appear until 1.14 (Atratini ipsius …)] facinus … audaciam … vim …— acc. subjects of vocari (acc. + inf. introduced by audiat) [The nouns are joined via asyndeton, an effect reinforced by anaphora: nullum … nullam … nullam] audacia — brazen criminal act (but see Austin ad loc.) [abstract for concrete] vim — use of force, assault [note that Caelius was likely charged under the lex Plotia de vi (see Austin ad 1.7)] in iudicium vocari — to be summoned for trial, put on trial adulescentem … accusari … oppugnari — a 2nd acc. + inf. with audiat [The term adulescens has positive associations here, implying that the person concerned (Cael.) is scarcely of an age to be caught up in any heinous crimes. (Cael. would likely have been either 26 or 32 years old at the time of the trial.) See Austin ad 2.1] [There is a dispute re the date of Cael.’s birth: see Austin, App. I; Dyck 4. The choice is between 82 BC (Pliny N.H. 7.165) and 88-87 (based on his holding the praetorship in 48 (Caesar, B.C. 3.20). Cf. below ad 18.19-20 (per aetatem … posset)] ingenio, industria, gratia — abl. of description (all to be taken with inlustri) inlustris — distinguished, respectable, famous, honorable ingenium — talent, ability gratia — popularity, esteem, credit; “connections” [see Austin ad loc. and cf. 19.21] eius — picked up by quem [The lead prosecutor was L. Sempronius Atratinus, the son of L. Calpurnius Bestia whom Caelius had unsuccessfully prosecuted for ambitus (electoral bribery) in Feb. of 56 BC and against whom Caelius was in the process of initiating fresh proceedings. On the identity of the three members of the prosecutors’ team, see Austin, App. VI and Dyck 6-7] ipse — picking up adulescentem (i.e., Caelius) quem … et vocet et vocarit — subj. in rel. clause in indir. disc. [For voco, cf. above, 1.12] vocarit = vocaverit (pfct. subj.) oppugnari autem — “and that, moreover, he was being attacked …” oppugno — attack, assault, assail [The parallelism/contrast with accusari (1.13), reinforced by rhyme, is effective: Caelius is the victim of unfounded legal proceedings on the part of Atratinus — something that was a matter of course for anyone involved in Roman public life — but is also being subjected to a brutal assault (cf. the use of the vb. at 1.9 above) on the part of a powerful and conniving woman of ill repute] opibus meretriciis — instr. abl. [ops (in pl.) — means, resources (military, financial, or other); forces. Joined with the adj. mereticiis, it suggests the underhanded, treacherous attacks of a conniving woman who has the financial resources to effect the ruin of Cicero’s youthful client.] [“by forces that have been marshaled through the resources of a wealthy harlot”] Atratini ipsius — [This is Clark’s conjecture, for the Atratini illius of the mss. Dyck and others read simply illius — picking up filio in 1.13; Atratini is then readily taken as an intrusive explanatory gloss: cf. ad 9.24 (hunc M. Caelium).] 15

pietatem — i.e., filial piety, sense of duty/obligation/loyalty to his father

reprehendat … putet … existimet — subj. in the apodosis of an implied fut. less vivid condition (cum audiat (1.10-11) = si audiat). The three vbs. are joined by asyndeton. [Again, this is the same construction as at 1.9-10.] libido — wanton passion [Note the parallelism, attended by chiasmus: Atratini pietatem / libidinem muliebrem] comprimendam — sc. esse: pass. periphrastic in indir. discourse laboriosos — sc. esse vexations]

[comprimo — check, suppress]

[laboriosus — beset/harried by toils, hard-working, compelled to put up with undue

quibus non liceat esse otiosis quibus … liceat — rel. clause of characteristic with explanatory force ne … quidem — not even (emphasizing the word or words that this expression brackets) in communi … otio — i.e., during the public holiday that everyone else is currently enjoying

2: si …volueritis, constituetis — fut. vivid condition with fut. pfct. ind. in the protasis and fut. ind. in the apodosis [The use of the fut. pfct. in the protasis is idiomatic: “if it turns out at any time that you will have …”. (Latin tends to be more precise in its use of the fut.; the effect here is to increase the vividness of the expression).] sic — “as follows” nec descensurum quemquam … fuisse, … nec … habiturum … fuisse — [Each of these clauses represents the apodosis of a past contrary-to-fact condition presented in indir. disc. (introduced by constituetis). The plupfct. subj. of the direct form is represented by fut. ptcple. + fuisse.] [Original: nec descendisset quisquam ad hanc accusationem, cui utrum vellet liceret, nec, cum descendisset, quicquam spei habuisset, nisi alicuius intolerabili libidine et nimis acerbo odio niteretur] [A&G 589b] [For the impf. niteretur, see below.] descendo — [As Austin notes, descendo is most commonly used to denote the act of going down to the forum to take part in public affairs or speak before the courts (as here). It can also convey the sense of lowering one’s self, descending to an act or undertaking, yielding or agreeing to any act, esp. to one which is unpleasant or wrong (freq. in Cic. and Caes.) — a nuance that it also conveys here.] [descensurum fuisse representing what, in dir. discourse, would be a plupfct. subj.] 20

cui, utrum vellet, liceret = cui (facere) liceret utrum vellet (facere). cui (facere) liceret = “to whom it was (back then) permitted for him to do” (rel. clause of characteristic). [Once again, we are presented with a virtual conditional clause: cf. ad 1.6-7 (cum audiat).] utrum — whichever, either (of the two courses of action that lay before him) [uter here is the indef. rel. pron., not the interrogative. It is the equivalent of illud quod] [As he will do more than once in this speech, Cic. here deals with a person or matter that he has earlier treated in a positive light (Atratinus’ sense of duty to his father) but now condemns it (since that duty has led Atratinus to undertake a sordid and utterly baseless prosecution).] vellet — sc. facere (subj. by attraction to liceret, on which it depends [A&G 593]) cum descendisset — i.e., once he had agreed to take on this prosecution habiturum … fuisse — the acc. subject is quemquam (2.19). [This collocution again represents what, in dir. discourse, would be a plupf. subj.] quicquam spei — any hope (partitive gen. with generic neut. pron.) [i.e., any expectation of succeeding with this suit: cf. below, 2.4]

nisi … niteretur — protasis of a contrary-to-fact condition (which remains unchanged in indir. disc.), with impf. subj. The shift to the impf. subj. here likely reflects the on-going nature of the action rather than a shift of perspective (i.e., it is still past contrary-to-fact): Woodcock 199 and cf. cui … liceret in 2.20. [nītor – to rest on, rely upon (+ abl.)] alicuius — “of somebody or other” [Cic. coyly leaves the identity of this individual unstated. (As Austin notes, cuiusdam here would convey the sense of a particular individual as yet unnamed.) Cf. 20.4-6.] intolerabilis — unbearable, unendurable, insufferable, revolting libidine … odio — instr. abl. with nītor [I.e., the only thing that has encouraged Atratinus to proceed with this case is the support of Clodia, whose frustrated lust makes her a dangerous and vindictive enemy] nimis acerbo — excessively harsh, all too bitter 1

humanissimo atque optimo adulescenti, meo necessario — apposition humanus — refined, humane, cultured optimus — excellent; i.e., virtuous necessarius — relative, kinsman, connection, friend, client, patron; someone with whom one has a bond of obligation and friendship [Cf. ad 7.7 (tueri): Cic. had defended Bestia against Caelius in the latter’s earlier suit and, as a result, was required to treat Atratinus with a certain respect.] [meo necessario — “a man to whom I have close personal and political ties”] vel pietatis vel necessitatis vel aetatis — appositional gen. [A&G 343d] necessitas — compulsion aetas — youth si voluit …, si iussus est …, si speravit — Cic. further parses the preceding list (vel pietatis vel necessitatis vel aetatis) by considering each possibility individually, with each presented as the protasis of a past-definite condition voluit accusare — i.e., actively sought to undertake this suit pietati … necessitati … pueritiae — dat. with tribuo tribuo — “I assign/attribute (his action to the following cause)” iussus est — sc. accusare speravit aliquid — had any hope of succeeding (cf. above, 2.21). [As often, the generic neut. sg. pron. serves as a limiting/cognate acc. with adv. force: “at all,” “in any respect”] pueritia — childish naiveté [Cic. repeatedly presents Atratinus as a school-boy who is performing a task that has been assigned to him and who is out of his depth.]

ceteris — i.e., so far as the others involved in pressing this case [dat. in parallel to Atratino in 2.1, picked up by the two gerundives that follow] non modo … sed etiam — not only … but even nihil — neut. acc. sg. employed as a limiting/cognate acc. with adv. force: serves as an emphatic form of non: “not at all” ignoscendum (est) … resistendum (est) — impers. pass. periphrastic. [Both vbs. take an indir. obj. in the dat.]

DE M. CAELI VITA ET MORIBUS I (3-22) [I have omitted sections 19-22 which constitute something of miscellany.]

3: hic introitus — hic = the following (picked up by ut respondeam in 3.8-10) defensionis — obj. gen. with introitus adulescentiae — dat. with convenio [Throughout the speech, Cic. will focus on the prior doings of Caelius as the hijinks of a heedless but by no means vicious young man: cf. 1.12.] convenio — to be fit, suitable, appropriate, proper (+ dat.) ut … respondeam — substantive consecutive clause with explanatory force [cf. A&G 569.2] introduced by hic introitus ad ea, quae accusatores dixerunt deformandi huius causa, detrahendae spoliandaeque dignitatis gratia deformandi … causa, detrahendae spoliandaeque … gratia — gerundive in place of gerund: gen. of the gerund/gerundive with causa/gratia indicating purpose [A&G 504b] deformo — deform, disfigure, spoil; disgrace, dishonor; [“slander”] [As Dyck notes, the literal sense is still felt here: Cic. will have much to say, later in the speech, re the prosecution’s attempts to suggest that Caelius’ good looks have allowed him to advance his self-interests by in effect prostituting himself.] huius — Caelius detraho — draw off, remove, take away spolio — rob, plunder, pillage, spoil; deprive, despoil [— a more vivid and violent synonym for detraho. Cic. implies that discrediting Caelius’ character provides a way for the prosecution to undermine his coming prosecution of Bestia, no matter the outcome of this trial (Dyck).] [sc. ausa es] 10

dignitas — standing, esteem, authority, honor, respectability primum — adv. obiectus est pater varie — i.e., Cael.’s father, the elder M. Caelius, was brought up as a reproach against him in various (contradictory) ways quod … diceretur— subj. in causal quod clause that reports the reasoning of another speaker [A&G 540.2 and N. 2]: “in that he was claimed to be …” [As Austin notes, Cic. combines two expressions here: quod parum pie tractatus esset (which requires the subj.) and quod parum pie tractatus esse dicebatur (which does not).] splendidus — sc. esse [spendidus — distinguished, noble (but likely with overtones of “grand”: dressing, acting, and living in the manner of a wealthy aristocrat. [See Austin ad loc.] Cic. himself will jokingly present Cael.’s father as something of a skinflint: 36.1; cf. 38.12-13)] [One might compare the respectable equites of Martial’s poems, who are constantly challenged when it comes to meeting the financial demands imposed by their position in society.] parum pie — i.e., in a fashion that did not display the devotion and respect — the pietas — expected of a son tractatus — sc. esse [The degree to which the first of the above allegations was actually pressed by the prosecution is uncertain. Cic. is in part laying the groundwork here for the comparison of Caelius to the young men of Roman comedy, who generally disregard their skinflint fathers.] de dignitate — [The concern here is with the dignitas (cf. 3.10) of Cael.’s father, the elder M. Caelius, who is the subject of this sentence] notis ac maioribus — dat. (indir. obj. with respondet)

notus — [Austin notes that the substantive use of this ptcple. is more often employed of one who knows (active in sense: here, of personal acquaintances who know the elder Caelius well) than in the pass. sense of one who is known. (At 3.20 the ptcple. is adjectival.)] maior natu — more senior in birth, of greater years [natu — abl. of specification] (i.e., men of senior years who might not have been personal friends of the elder Caelius but would have been familiar with his political or business activities) [cf. mos maiorum and the use of the designation maior to distinguish father from son and mother from daughter] etiam sine mea oratione tacitus [tacitus — pred. adj. where Engl. would employ an adv.] [The elder Caelius was present in the court but did not speak] [others read: et sine mea oratione et tacitus, which provides a clearer structure to the sentence but is not much of an improvement] quibus … non aeque est cognitus — the dat. in the rel. clause here parallels notis ac maioribus at 3.13 [For this initial dat. — picked up by hi in line 16 — cf. ceteris in 2.5: “As for those to whom …”] 15

quod … minus … versatur — causal quod clause with the ind. that explains the relevance of the preceding reference to the elder Caelius’ old age (A&G 540.1) iam diu + pres. ind. — has done x for a long while now versor — occupy or busy one’s self with any action; be engaged in something in foro — i.e., in public or financial business nobiscum — i.e., with us who are active in business and politics non aeque — i.e., in comparison to the notis ac maioribus of 3.13 hi — i.e., those who are less familiar with the elder M. Caelius [resumptive: provides the antecedent for quibus in 3.14] [Dyck reads ii which is preferable. The substitution of hi is readily accounted for on paleographic grounds.] sic — “as follows” habeo — consider, hold, regard (introducing the following acc. + inf.) [sic habeo = “I hold the following opinion/believe as follows”] (jussive subj.) quaecumque dignitas possit esse in equite Romano, eam (dignitatem) in M. Caelio semper summam habitam esse quaecumque dignitas in equite Romano esse possit — rel. clause of characteristic or subj. in subord. clause in indir. discourse. [The relative clause precedes the acc. + inf. clause to which it is subordinate and presents, via anticipation, the subject of that acc. + inf. (dignitas). As a result, that subject has to be restated via a resumptive use of the demonst. pron. eam.] in equite Romano — in the case of a member of the Roman equestrian class quae certe potest esse maxima — a parenthetical comment inserted by Cic. via a rel. clause (“and that esteem/honor can be very high indeed”). Maxima will be trumped by summam in the following clause. eam semper … summam habitam esse — acc. + inf. introduced by sic habeant. [“that it has always been considered (to be) highest/extremely great in the case of the elder M. Caelius”: i.e., the elder Caelius has always been held to possess this quality in the highest degree] eam — resumptive use of the demons. pron., picking up dignitas in 3.17 in M. Caelio — “in the case of M. Caelius” summam — pred. acc. (A&G 393: following a vb. of naming, choosing, appointing, making, esteeming, showing) [cf. Engl. “I consider you wise.] hodieque haberi — picks up and continues the preceding acc. + inf. in reference to the elder Caelius’ current reputation: “and that it is considered (so even) today” [Austin suggests habitam esse summam summamque hodie haberi]

non solum … sed etiam — not only … but even a suis … ab omnibus — abl. of personal agent suis — his own people (i.e., friends and relatives) 20

quibus potuerit — subj. in subord. clause in ind. discourse or rel. clause of characteristic (translate potuerit as true pfct.) aliqua de causa — for some reason

4: filium equitis Romani esse — this acc. + inf. is presented as the acc. subject of the second inf. (poni) — all of which is dependent upon the impers. modal vb. oportuit: “the fact of being the son of a Roman eques ought not to have been classified” [lit.: “it was not fitting that … be classified”] pono — place in a class or category, classify criminis loco — in the place of a criminal charge, as the equivalent of a proper criminal charge: i.e., as an indictment neque his iudicantibus … neque defendentibus nobis — abl. abs. (i.e., such a tactic is an insult to both the jury and to those of us involved in Cael.’s defense) [Cf. C.P. Craig, CJ 90 (1995) 409: “After the Lex Aurelia of 70 BCE, which removed the juries of quaestiones publicae from exclusive control of the senate, the standard jury size was 75 men, drawn equally from jury pools representing the senate, the equites, and the tribuni aerarii. The interests of this latter group seem to have been virtually identical with those of the equites, although they apparently had a lower property qualification. Since two thirds of the jury are equites, or may aspire to be, Cicero can try to hobble his opponents by asserting that they have contempt for equites.” As a novus homo, Cicero himself sprang from equestrian origins.] oportuit — [Modal vbs. routinely employ a past tense of the ind. to convey a contrary-to-fact sense: A&G 486a, 522a and N. 1] [oportet — it is proper/right/fit (+ acc. + inf.)] nam quod de pietate dixistis — “as for the fact that you raised the issue of Cael.’s devotion to his father.” [nam quod regularly introduces a substantive clause presented as an acc. of specification/limiting acc.: A&G 572a] [See Austin ad loc. who notes the frequency with which this transitional formula is employed by Cic.: cf. 5, 6, 10, 17. (In this formula, nam has no explanatory force but merely serves as a continuative particle: moreover.)] ista — [alluding to the general question of Cael.’s pudicitia: the fem. anticipates the gender of existimatio, but the pron. stands in place of an obj. gen. (Austin): “we have/enjoy an opinion on such matters, but an authoritative judgment (on such matters) in fact (certe) belongs to his father” / “that is a matter on which we can voice our opinion but in fact is one on which his father is to pass judgment”] [Dyck (with some support from the ms. tradition and noting, among other things, the force of ista) reads: est ista quidem vestra, alia nostra existimatio (“— that is your opinion; ours is different”). Cf. quid nos opinemur below. (On this reading, quod is a straightforward rel. pron.: cf. ad 6b.16-18)] nostra — i.e., “of us who are not Caelius’ parent (and therefore have neither the knowledge nor the authority to pass such judgments)” [but see ad nos in line 24 below] iudicium parentis — a second complement to follow ista est: “a matter on which only his father can pass authoritative judgment” nostra … parentis — subjective gen. (the first represented by a possessive adj.) quid … opinemur — indir. question (vs. id quod nos opinamur) [The clause serves as the dir. obj. of audietis] [nos opinemur picks up nostra existimatio in 4.23-24] nos — emphatic [in ref. to the defense team, but mainly Cic. himself: Cic. will present his own portrait of Cael. and back it up with witnesses] [Other royal plurals: 5.5; 7.4; 18.22; 45.24; 50.23]

13 25

ex iuratis — from those who are under oath (i.e., sworn witnesses, whose testimony would be presented at the conclusion of Cic.’s speech: Dyck 1-2) [substantive use of the ptcple.] quid parentes sentiant — a second, parallel indir. question, introducing a contrast between the abstract judgment of the defense team, which will be verified by sworn testimony, and the distraught emotions of Cael.’s parents that is present for all to see. This clause serves as the dir. obj. of declarat. sentio — feel, experience, suffer, undergo, endure incredibilis — extraordinary maeror — mourning, sadness, grief, sorrow, lamentation squalor patris et haec praesens maestitia — whereas Cael.’s mother is presented as displaying generic expressions of mourning, the elder M. Caelius has assumed the formal attire of grieving and supplication: the toga pulla. Hence the overt reference to the squalor (dirtiness, meanness) of his attire and the clear marks of grief that he presents to the viewer (praesens maestitia quam cernitis). The two images, of Cael.’s grieving mother and his grieving father, are joined via asyndeton. squalor — [esp. freq. of filthy garments, worn as a sign of mourning and to evoke sympathy] praesens — that is before one, in sight or at hand, present, in person; evident, manifest [“that you perceive before you”] maestitia — sadness, sorrow, grief, dejection luctusque — sorrow, mourning, grief, affliction, distress, lamentation (Esp. of external signs of sorrow in one’s dress and gestures: mourning, mourning apparel, weeds) [The description of the elder Caelius’ grief is unexpectedly extended, with pathetic force] declarat — serves as the vb. for the cmpd. subject lacrimae … maeror … squalor … maestitia … luctus, agreeing in number with the last vb. in the list

5: nam quod est obiectum — as to the fact that it was cast up as a reproach that … (see ad 4.23) est obiectum — impers. pass. adulescentem municipibus suis non probatum esse — acc. + inf. following obiectum est probo — approve of, esteem municipibus … suis — dat. of agent with probatum esse (A&G 375) [municipium — town, particularly in Italy, which possessed the right of Roman citizenship (together with, in most cases, the right of voting) but was governed by its own laws; a free town] 1

nemini … praesenti quam absenti M. Caelio — the comparative construction is introduced by maiores. [Word order: note the chiasmus] praesenti … absenti — pred. †Praestutiani† — the symbol † is employed to mark a word or passage that is attested in the ms. tradition but that defies interpretation or emendation. Austin3 accepts the reading Praettutiani (citizens of Interamnia Praetutiorum [modern Teramo] in Picenum — Cael.’s hometown): Austin, App. II.; Dyck ad loc. [Praettutiani is an ethnic designation employed of the people who inhabited this region]

http://ontheworldmap.com/italy/city/teramo/teramo-location-on-the-italy-map.jpg

honorem habere alicui — to honor someone, hold them in esteem, show honor to them [habeo + the vbl. noun honor = honoro (OLD s.v. habeo 19 and s.v. honor 3a). alicui is dat. of ref.: they have shown honor to him/accorded him with honor]. In the present context, the concrete sense of honor as “elected office” comes to the fore: i.e., Caelius has been elected to a more prestigious position in his absence than are most others who actually live in the community and can campaign for such awards. [“bestow honors (i.e., elected offices) upon”] et absentem — even in his absence (absentem is pred.) [less likely, one could take et … et … as correlative, highlighting the parallelism betw absentem and non petenti. The force of et would have been made clear in the delivery.] amplus — magnificent, glorious; esteemed, renowned ordo — rank, class [i.e., as a decurio or member of the local senate (Austin)] [this detail suggests that Cael. must have been over 30 years old at this time] coopto — choose or elect to something, elect ea — picked up by the following quae non petenti — circ. ptcple. with concessive force (even though he did not seek them) defero: confer petentibus — circ. ptcple. with concessive force (even though they did seek them) denegarunt = denegaverunt 5

idem — i.e., the Praettutiani lectus — choice, excellent, elite nostri ordinis — i.e., Romans of senatorial rank [nostri — i.e., Cic.’s (cf. ad 4.24: nos)] [The use of et … et … here is somewhat strained: “an elite delegation of men comprised of Romans of both senatorial and equestrian rank”] cum legatione … et cum … laudatione — abl. of accomp. cum legatione — i.e., the elite group cited above was attended by other town worthies [Dyck, however, takes the term to allude to the official document that certified that these legati had been charged with the authority to present the town’s official position] gravissima atque ornatissima — most solemn and most eloquent [Austin] laudatio — testimonial [see Austin ad loc.] videor mihi — it seems to me that, I suppose/imagine that [+ inf., of which the speaker is understood to be the subject] iacio fundamenta — to lay the foundations (of something) [cf. 3.7-10] nitor — cf. 2.22 iudicium — cf. 4.24

suorum — [here: one’s fellow townsmen, but also one’s friends and relations] (subjective gen.) [cf. 3.19] neque enim aetas huius satis vobis commendata esse posset, si non modo parenti …, verum etiam municipio … displiceret neque … posset, si … displiceret — pres. contr.-to-fact condition 10

commendata … esse — commendo = recommend, vouch for, provide assurance of someone’s integrity, endorse, affirm [The pfct. inf. points ahead to the time of the jury’s deliberations: “nor could the integrity of this young man be said to have been established to a satisfactory degree”] huius aetas = this young man at his age [abstract for concrete] [cf. 1.12, 3.8] vobis — ind. obj. with commendo but also, phps., dat. of judgment (“in your eyes”) [A&G 378] non modo … verum etiam — not only … but indeed even parenti … municipio — dat. with displiceo tali viro — appositional (being the man that he is) municipium — town, particularly in Italy, which possessed the right of Roman citizenship tam illustri ac tam gravi — pred. gravis — eminent, venerable displiceo — to displease, offend (here: to fail to win the good opinion of)

6a: ut ad me revertar — final clause (to turn to myself, refer to my own case) [revertor — turn to, consult (for help). Austin notes that this vb. is employed to introduce a new topic that is related to the main theme: cf. redeo at 37.7.] (Cic. is never shy about holding himself up as an exemplar!) [One could take this as a substantive consecutive clause following an implied vb. of permitting.] ab his fontibus profluxi ad hominum famam — a rather lush metaphor: from such springs did I flow forth to (the attainment of) renown among my fellow human-beings (i.e., the good rapport that I established with others in my local municipium (Arpinum) assisted in my gradual rise to prominence in Rome.) [One looks for signs of a self-deprecating humor in such passages. On the other hand, Cic. had good reason to be proud of the way he had risen in the world through his own skill and energy.] fama — good name, reputation, glory, report hominum — subjective gen. (reflecting the vbl. roots of fama [for]) meus hic forensis labor — this toil of mine before the courts (in which you currently see me engaged) vitae … ratio — way of life [As we’ll see, Cic. presents the practice of oratory as something more than a mere profession but rather as a calling that requires a type of training and discipline akin to that of a professional athlete — if the Romans had had any admiration for professional athletes!] demanavit — spread (drawing on the same metaphor as profluxi above) [Engl. inverts this metaphor: there it is the fame/renown that spreads] ad existimationem hominum — cf. ad hominum famam above [i.e., I gradually gained renown as a noble orator and statesman] existimatio — (positive) judgment, esteem, approval paulo — abl. of degree of difference latius — cf. adv. 15

commendatione ac iudicio — causal abl. [= the positive judgment/assessment (hendiadys)]

meorum — i.e., my fellow townspeople [subjective gen.] [Note how Cic. limits the degree to which his success has been the result of the approving praise of others, implying that he has risen to the heights he has principally through his own skill.] [This highly metaphorical and deliberately flowery passage provides a fitting conclusion to this section of the speech.]

6b: nam quod obiectum est de pudicitia — for the formula nam quod, see ad 4.23. [On this reading, both obiectum est and celebratum est (below) are impers.] (“With regard to the fact that reproaches have been raised regarding Cael.’s chastity …”) (In this instance, quod is subsequently picked up by id in 6b.18, which leads Dyck to regard quod as a regular rel. pron.: cf. ad 4.23-24) pudicitia — “chastity,” but in the Roman sense. For a young man, violations of pudicitia would have involved: a) sexual relations that brought disgrace on another freeborn Roman citizen (i.e., the rape of a male citizen or having sexual relations of any sort with a male citizen’s wife, daughter, son, mother, etc.); b) adopting a passive role in sexual relations with another male of any status. See E. Fantham, EMC 10 (1991) 267-91. [Here and below, the allusion is to the prosecution’s charge that Cael. had been seduced by Catiline and assumed the passive role as Cat.’s lover (Dyck 5). In this way Cat. is said to have corrupted both Cael.’s morals and his politics. Cf. ad 7.26-27 (partem … esse datam)] quodque … celebratum est — “and that the discussion (of that issue) was conducted” (but see above ad nam quod obiectum est). [celebro — to talk about, discuss (here with the suggestion that this was done in a malevolent fashion and to an excessive degree)] omnium accusatorum — on the part of all of the prosecutors [subjective gen. with criminibus / vocibus maledictisque] non criminibus, sed vocibus maledictisque — instr. abl. [As later below, Cic. implies that the jury has heard no formal criminal charges but only gossipy slanders. From what follows, it is clear that much was made of Cael.’s status as a handsome young man about town who’s good looks got him into trouble.] vocibus maledictisque — shouted allegations/slanders (hendiadys) id — provides the antecedent of the two preceding quod clauses (i.e., the fact that the prosecution has elected to present such salacious slanders in so irresponsible a manner) fero — bear (in conjunction with tam acerbe, cf. coll. Engl. “take” [as in, “to take something badly”]) ut … paeniteat — consecutive clause introduced by the preceding tam non … natum esse — inf. introduced by eum paeniteat sunt — note the emphatic placement deformem — pred. with natum esse 20

pervulgatus — usual, common, well-known, well-worn [complement with sum] in omnis — against all [omnis — masc. acc. pl.] omnis quorum forma et species in adulescentia liberalis fuit quorum — whose in adulescentia — [the prosecution asserted that Cael. had employed his good looks to his advantage in affairs with both women and men: like the Athenians, the Romans regarded the handsome adolescent male as a natural target for the older male’s lust] forma — appearance, aspect (esp. of a handsome/beautiful appearance); good looks

species — outward appearance [This second term is perhaps added to underscore the notion that what Cic. is talking about is a superficial quality that tells us nothing about the actual person.] fuit — agrees in number with the second element of the cmpd. subject. [Implicit here (note the tense) is the notion of adulescentia as a passing phase that men grow out of as they become fully competent adults.] liberalis — gentlemanly, decent, fine, noble [The term has imbedded in it notions of belonging to a superior class of freeborn, elite Roman males; it is deliberately opposed to pervolgata.] aliud est … aliud (est) — “it is one thing …, it is another …” male dicere … accusare — each treated as a substantive in the nom. (“it is one thing to engage in verbal abuse, another to present a formal indictment”] crimen — a formal charge desidero — require something ut definiat … ut notet … probet … confirmet — most likely not final in nature but, given the emphasis here on what is required of a proper accusation, jussive: introduced by desiderat (Woodcock 134) [take the unidentified accuser as subject: “… that one define …, that one specifically identify …, etc.”] rem — “fact,” “matter” (i.e., the specific grounds for the charge, that which is alleged as the basis of the charge, the facts of the case) noto — signify, indicate, identify (but with echoes of the use of noto as a t.t. signifying the censor’s official reprimand: mark or brand with infamy) probet … confirmet — [take the case that is being presented as the assumed object] argumento probare — prove (one’s case) by reasoned argument [Here we run up against one of the most glaring differences between the ancient Roman and the modern Western court: the Romans placed much less emphasis on physical evidence and the issue of relevance, much more on the testimony of witnesses and the success of the orator in presenting a compelling rhetorical case. As Cic. will demonstrate in this speech, the latter opens the door to slander, innuendo, prejudice, assumption, stereotyping, guilt by association, and a host of other strategies that make for an entertaining speech but might not serve the interests of justice. One of the delicious quandaries in contemplating many a Roman oration lies in considering just where justice might lie, and whether a Roman jury, presented with the modern objections to their practices, would at all concur.] teste — i.e., by means of the testimony of witnesses nihil … propositi — partitive gen. with a generic neut. pron. (no plan, intention, goal; no expectation or required features) contumelia — abuse, insult, invective contumeliam, quae convicium nominatur si petulantius iactatur, (sed) urbanitas nominatur si facetius (pronuntiatur) 25

convicium … urbanitas — pred. nom. with nominator [cf. ad 8.8 (illud te admonitum esse] petulantius — cf. adv. [petulans will appear often in this work: insolent, unruly, immodest, forward, wanton, saucy, intemperate, rude (with a note of inappropriate assertion or aggression)] iacto — frequentative of iacio (to heedlesslyt toss about [threats, allegations, etc.]) [Throughout this speech, vbs. such as iacto, obicio, and emitto are employed to characterize the prosecution’s presentation of the charges] convicium: loud outcry, clamor; shouted abuse [intemperate verbal abuse] [sc. nominatur] facetius — cf. adv. [facetus (a favorite of Catullus) — elegant, fine; merry, witty, humorous] urbanitas — wit, raillery

7: quam … partem — connecting rel. pron. with embedded antecedent: transl. as a demons. adj. (“that part”) [A&G 308f] admiratus sum — marvelled at (i.e., was amazed at, was astonished by —not “admired”) moleste tuli — I bore it ill, I was annoyed/vexed potissimum (adv.) — in particular esse … datam (sc. eam partem) — acc. + inf. with moleste tuli. [Atratinus is presented here as a young man who is following the commands of the powerful individuals behind this suit and has been tasked with presenting an allegation that is unsavory in and of itself but particularly unseemly when placed in the mouth of a fellow youth. That allegation must involve a charge of Cael. in effect prostituting himself to Cat. See ad 6b.16 (pudicitia)] decebat — sc. Atratinum [decet — to “become” someone, be seemly for them to do] aetas illa — [Austin points out that Atratinus was only 17 years old at this time.] postulo — demand, seek (as one’s due), “call for” [I.e., Atratinus’ youth did not make it natural that he should present such slanders — quite the opposite.] id quod — “a thing that …,” “something that …” [rel. clause with embedded antecedent: stands in apposition to the following indep. clause (neque … pudor patiebatur …)] [Cic. alleges that Atratinus blushed while delivering this part of his speech (Dyck) — cf. my introduction to section 8 and ad 8.15: istarum partium.] 1

animum advertere = animadvertere pudor — modesty, sense of decency optimi adulescentis — poss. gen. with pudor [“on the part of …”] in tali … oratione — i.e., in the section of his speech that presented those shameful accusations [cf. 9.18] illum … versari — acc. + inf. following patiebatur [versor — occupy or busy one’s self with any action, to be engaged in anything; linger] [Note the repeated use of the impf. in this lengthy cmpd. sentence.] vellem — impf. of the potential subj. with past contrary-to-fact sense (“I would have wished” [at the time Atratinus was speaking]) [A&G 442b, 446-47] ex vobis — addressed directly to the other prosecutors, who would have been seated before the court along with the youthful Atratinus robustior — i.e., older, more mature [pred.] [robustus — firm, solid, strong, hardy] [cf. ad infirmum in 10.9] male dicendi — “speaking badly”: i.e., presenting unseemly slanders [appositional gen. of the gerund: A&G 504] [Some edd. omit male dicendi as an intrusive explanatory gloss: cf. 7.5] locus — a section of a speech or argument; a specific point to be developed in such a presentation: cf. 9.22; 10.10; 18.24 and 5; suscepisset — optative subj. introducing an impossible wish in the past, dependent on vellem [paratactic construction] [A&G 442b] aliquanto liberius … refutaremus — apodosis of a present contrary-to-fact condition, introduced by vellem [Cic. presents a rather complex mixed condition: “I would have wished that one of you had taken on that task [past contrary-to-fact]; (if you had), I would now … [pres. contrary-to-fact]”] aliquanto — abl. of degree of difference more nostro — in my usual manner, style (abl. of manner) [note the use of the 1st pl.: cf. refutaremus]

istam … licentiam — that wantonness, unchecked shamelessness (of the wanton irresponsibility evident in the shameful slanders that Atratinus is here charged with presenting) dicendi — gerund (licentia male dicendi — wantonness of speech/shamelessness in slandering) [G&L 428] tecum — Cic. now switches from the other prosecutors (vobis) to Atratinus alone 5

ago cum aliquo — deal with someone, treat them in a certain manner lenius — comp. adv. quod — because, since et … et … pudor tuus — i.e., Atratinus’ obvious discomfort in presenting those slanders (cf. above) moderor — restrain, hold back (+ dat.) meum … beneficium — the favor/service I performed//bestowed [meum stands for a subjective gen.] erga te parentemque tuum — as noted above, Cic. had successfully defended Bestia against Cael.’s prosecution in Feb. of 56 BC [cf. 2.2] tueor — maintain, preserve [The notion of reciprocity — that receiving a favor or service both established a relationship and incurred a duty to respond in like (quid pro quo) — entailed an obligation on the part of both the person receiving the favor and the one bestowing it. It would be unseemly for Cic. to suddenly ignore his past association with Bestia and denounce the latter’s son in court: cf. the allegations against Cael. cited in section 26. (See Dyck ad loc.)]

8: [Despite his statement at the conclusion of 7, Cic. does proceed to give Atratinus a lecture, continuing to talk down to him and, although posing as a concerned older friend, presenting the young man as a child who doesn’t realize how the real world of the adult Roman male actually operates. This section anticipates the echoes, later in the speech, of the father-son relationship as presented in Roman comedy.] volo te illud admonitum esse — admoneo takes two objects: a regular dir. obj. (of the person being advised) and a limiting acc. (of the advice being given). [Cf. Engl. “I teach you Latin.”) The latter is retained in the pass. construction. [Cf.Engl. “You are taught Latin.] Transl. “I want (to see to it that) you to have been presented with the following advice/warning.” primum … deinde — heightens the condescending didactic tone ut omnes existiment te talem esse qualis es — parenthetical (see next n.) ut omnes existiment te esse — a parenthetical final clause that provides the rationale for the first bit of advice: “in order that all might consider/suppose/judge you to be …” [Austin waffles somewhat on this point in his three editions of the speech. His earlier suggestion that primum be relocated to precede ut quantum is rejected (correctly) in his 3rd ed. The simplest solution would be to delete ut qualis es … existiment as an intrusive gloss that illustrated a similar correlative expression from elsewhere in the corpus. (Dyck regards the inclusion of this clause as an attempt by Cic. to suggest a quasi-extemporaneous style of address, but the clumsiness of the expression here, and the muddying of the carefully set-out anaphora in primum ut … deinde ut … ne …, is difficult to defend.) In any case, the interpretation suggested above was evidently not shared by Clarke: otherwise, this clause would be separated by commas or (Dyck) m-dashes.] talem esse qualis es — to be of such a sort as you (actually) are [talis … qualis — correlative adj.] [I.e., in order to ensure that people get a sense of your true character (something that will not happen if you continue to shill for Clodia).] ut … seiungas — a jussive noun clause (indir. command) introduced by monitum esse quantum … tantum — correlative adv. (cf. qualis … talem in the previous clause)

rerum turpitudine — i.e., base/disgraceful actions [rerum selected for the contrast with verborum] 10

absum — be removed from a thing by will, inclination, etc.; be disinclined to (a synonym of abhorreo: cf. 10.2) verborum libertate — overly bold/wanton use of speech ut ne dicas ea in alterum, quae erubescas cum tibi falso responsa sint ut … ne dicas — a second jussive noun clause (indir. command) introduced by monitum esse [Cic. opens with ut for the sake of anaphora and incorporates the expected ne before the vb.: an archaic construction (A&G 531, 563e N. 2)] in alterum — against another person quae erubescas — rel. clause of characteristic cum … responsa sint — the equivalent of the protasis of a fut. less vivid condition [The use of respondeo here points to the tactic that Cic. has disavowed — turning Atratinus’ own slanderous allegations against him (Dyck).] falso — adv. cui ista via non pateat — rel. clause of characteristic via — a line of argument [Cic. repeatedly steps back and analyses the rhetorical strategy of his opponents, implicitly flattering the jury — many or most of whom would have been exposed to a rhetorical education in youth — by suggesting that their acumen matches his own.] pateat — lie open, be ready to hand qui … non possit … male dicere — another rel. clause of characteristic [male dicere — slander, rail against] huic aetati atque isti dignitati — dat. with male dicere (“a person of such youth and beauty”) [huic and isti point to Atratinus, continuing the argument that any young man, however, noble, is open to such attacks (Austin).] [The ms. tradition is muddled here: Dyck reads isti aetati atque isti dignitati and takes the phrase as a pseudo-quotation of Atratinus’ charges against Cael. (iste): “that youth and handsomeness (of which you spoke)”] dignitas — [employed, esp. in reference to men, as an elevated equivalent of pulchritudo: cf. liberalis at 6.21] [a somewhat striking shift in meaning following the discussion of the dignitas of M. Caelius (both jr. and sr.) in section 3] (tam) petulanter quam velit — “as insolently/rudely as he wished” [velim is either subj. by attraction to possit (on which it depends) or potential] etiam si sine ulla suspicione — although with no grounds [etiam si = etiamsi — albeit, although] [suspicio — indication, grounds for suspicion]

at non sine argumento — but not without some (specious) basis for developing a rhetorical proof (i.e., an argument based on superficial appearances, commonplace assumptions, etc.) [Study of this speech shows just how willingly Cic. himself turns to such arguments when it suits him.] istarum partium — partes here = dramatic role, part (contrast 13.14). [Atratinus is again presented as a puppet of Clodia and the others responsible for this prosecution, who have assigned him the task of playing a debased role. The similarities between the art of the actor and that of the orator make this a much more effective metaphor here than it would be in a modern Western courtroom. Later in this speech Cic. himself will blur the distinction by “performing” various roles himself.] culpa est eorum — the blame/responsibility (for that role) belongs to those people agere — ago is a t.t. for playing a role in a drama (sc. eas partis) laus pudoris tui, quod te invitum ea dicere videbamus; laus ingenii tui, quod ornate politeque dixisti laus pudoris tui — answers culpa est eorum above

laus — grounds for praise pudoris tui — obj. gen. with laus (“it is a noble confirmation of your pudor that …”) [pudor — modesty, decency, good manners] quod … videbamus — quod (a limiting acc./acc. of respect) here comes close to assuming the role of the Engl. conjunction “that” (a role that it has in both archaic and late Latin): A&G 572. [Engl.: “in that we saw …”] [Note the impf. once again: cf. 7.27ff.] ea — i.e., the allegations that Atratinus presented te … dicere — acc. + inf. following a vb. of perception (of a perceived fact) invitum — pred. (transl. adv.) ingeni — a second obj. gen. parallel to pudoris (i.e., laus ingeni tui) quod … dixisti — cf. quod … videbamus above ornate politeque — i.e., that Atratinus could deliver such a scurrilous set of slanders in such an elegant and polished manner

9: ad — in response to orationem — i.e., the section of Atratinus’ speech that attacked Cael.’s pudicitia (cf. 7.2) quoad — so long as [during the vulnerable period of his adolescence] aetas — i.e., his youth 20

isti suspicioni — i.e., the charge of a dissolute lifestyle and, although not stated, of an inappropriate sexual relationship with Catiline locus — grounds, foundation fuit … munita (sc. aetas) — for the use fui vs. eram to form the plupfct. pass., see G&L 250. [Cael. had already been fortified, from a young age, by his own decency of character and the attentive instruction provided by his father.] primum … deinde etiam pudore … diligentia disciplinaque — instr. abl. ipsius — i.e., his own [in contrast to patris below] etiam — still more patris — subjective gen. diligentia disciplinaque — hendiadys (careful/attentive instruction) qui — connecting rel. pron. with patris as antecedent: transl. “the latter” ut … dedit — ut is employed here as a temporal conj. (= ubi): “once he had bestowed” [Following this introduction, one expects the elder Caelius to be the subject of the main clause, following Cic.’s aside; instead we are presented with nemo hunc … (I.e., there is a mild anacoluthon here.)] toga virilis — the toga of manhood, formally assumed by a boy when he reached the age of 16 or so, when (if he came from an aristocratic family) he would begin his training for public life dedit — Cic. momentarily breaks off here in a display of false modesty (aposiopesis) before picking up the line of thought again in 9.24 dicam — fut. ind.

hoc loco — in this part of my speech, here [cf. ad 7.3] tantum sit — jussive subj. [Tantum is a correl. adj., picked up by quantum: “let (that matter — i.e., Cic.’s role in Cael.’s training) be so great as …”] [The implication here is that the jury has already drawn inferences regarding Cic.’s role in Cael.’s education based on the polished skill with which the latter has presented his own defense: cf. section 45 below.] hoc dicam — this much I will say hunc … esse deductum — acc. + inf. with dicam [deduco is a t.t. for escorting someone somewhere — of a visiting dignitary being escorted to his official residence or a student being conducted to his teacher’s school. In this case, Cael. would have been brought to Rome from his home in Interamnia and formally entrusted to the care of Cic. and (below) Crassus.] continuo — without a break (i.e., according to Cic., the youthful Cael. was transferred directly from his father’s diligent instruction to his training under the watchful eye of Cic.) [Cael. actually grew up in the house of M. Crassus, as Cic. goes on to note.] ad me — to my house hunc M. Caelium — as opposed M. Caelius Sr.? [Many edd. delete the words M. Caelium as an intrusive gloss — i.e., a note originally inserted into the margin of a manuscript by a fussy scribe who felt that hunc, in isolation, needed some clarification. A later scribe took this explanatory note as an indication that the words had accidentally been omitted and so inserted it into his text as if it was what Cic. had written. Cic.’s speeches were delivered before a live audience with all of the principals present: he regularly employs demons. prons. in isolation in a manner that suggests that he is actually pointing to the individual in question.] 25

in illo aetatis flore — i.e., when he was in the prime of youth and therefore most vulnerable both to the folly that characterizes young men and to the lust of others (cf. 11.23-29). [Austin argues that the period of Cael.’s tutelage under Cic. covers 66-63 BC (cf. section 10) when, on Austin’s reckoning, he was 16-19 years old. (On the alternate reckoning, he would have been ca. 21-24 years old during these years, having been entrusted to Cic.’s care some 5-6 years earlier.] castissima — i.e., most proper [Crassus was a member of Cael.’s defense team and would have been seated before the court.] cum … erudiretur — temporal cum clause [erudio — polish, educate, instruct] artibus honestissimis — instr. abl. artes — not simply types of skill or branches of knowledge but, more broadly, conduct, manner of acting, habits, practices honestus — distinguished, honorable, respectable, noble

10: 1

nam quod Catilinae familiaritas obiecta … est — substantive clause introduced as an acc. of specification/limiting acc.: A&G 572a [see ad 4.23]. (“As for the fact that his association with Cat. was thrown up as a reproach …”) [For the career of Catiline in these years, see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Catilinarian_conspiracy ]

ista suspicio — [“suspicion of the kind you mention” (Austin)] abhorreo — be averse or disinclined to a thing, not to wish it [here: be incompatible with, be above (x)] debet — ought, should [take Cael. as subject] [i.e., he ought to be considered to be …”] hoc adulescente — abl. abs. (hoc = Caelio) [Here we run up against the Romans’ loose and not altogether consistent use of adulescens and related terms (cf. ad 1.12). Cic. here alludes to his own candidacy for the consulship in 64 BC, some eight years earlier, when, he implies, Cael. would still have been quite young.

(Cf. ad 9.25: illo aetatis flore.) Yet Cic. still refers to him as an adulescens during this trial. Cf. ad 11.16-17 (tot annos).] mecum — i.e., both Cat. and Cic. sought the consulship in the same year ad quem — connecting rel. pron. (translate employing a demons. adj.) accessit … discessit — i.e., if Cael. formally renounced his support for Cic. and declared himself a supporter of Cat. [The metaphor implied here likely recalls the actual procedure for voting in the senate where, in a case involving contentious issues, the senators would physically position themselves on one side of the chamber or the other.] accedo — approach, go over to, join umquam — the delay of the adv. has emphatic force 5

nequam — worthless, good for nothing, wretched, vile [indecl. adj. in the dat.] (nequam atque improbo — “worthless reprobate” [Dyck]) improbus — wicked, reprobate, abandoned, vile, base, impious, ungodly, unjust, dishonest; bold, shameless, impudent; violent, fierce, outrageous studuerunt — i.e., supported his candidacy tum — here with logical rather than temporal force existimetur — jussive subj. familiaris + dat. at enim — but to be sure (introducing an objection that Cic. anticipates a member of the jury might pose) [“but, I am told, …” (Austin)] [poses an objection along with a further point that needs to be considered (Dyck)] scimus et vidimus — introducing the following acc. + inf. [vidimus gives the statement greater weight: Cic. and his audience know this fact because they witnessed it for themselves] postea — take with esse [Dyck notes the manner in which Cic. here plays fast and loose with his chronology: the tender iuvenis Cael. is guarded by his father, Cic., and Crassus until he is mature enough to be on his own (63 BC) only then to become a vulnerable iuvenis again when preyed upon by the lustful Clodia in the early 50s BC.] [Aulus Gellius 10.28 notes that the term iuvenis indicated a male of military age: approx. 17-45 years of age. Cic. employs the term to allude to a young man just coming of age and ready to be introduced to public life. Cf. the Grk. ephebe.] hunc in illius amicis esse — acc. + inf. after vb. of perception [esse — the tense is determined by the pfct. vidimus] amicus — as often, with political overtones (supporters, adherents) — vs. the somewhat more general familiaris [Austin, who notes the force of etiam] sed ego illud tempus aetatis defendo quod infirmum (et) infestum est illud tempus aetatis — that time/period of Cael.’s life (i.e., Cael.’s youth) [picked up below by the resumptive id] [Cic. focuses on the years 66-64; this leaves little time for the supposedly tender Cael. to mature.] quod …infirmum, … infestum est (with tempus as antecedent) [infirmum … infestum are complement with sum] ipsum — pred. (see next n.) sua sponte — alone, of itself, without the aid of others (underscores the force of ipsum): “which is, on its own/in its own right, weak/feeble …” (i.e., is unable to know itself and make reliable moral choices) infirmum — [The metaphor of the young man as a tender sapling that has yet to attain the robust strength (physical, intellectual, and moral) of adulthood pervades this speech: cf. 7.3; 9.19-21; 11.23-29; 41.27] autem — and moreover [This word is omitted by some edd.]

24 10

infestus — unsafe, endangered, threatened (+ instr./causal abl.) [phps. best trans. in Engl. as “vulnerable to,” “prey to”] [Cic.’s focus here suggests that he is refuting allegations that Cael. was won over to Catiline’s cause not merely by the latter’s political arguments but through some form of sexual seduction.] id — picking up illud tempus aetatis (resumptive use of the demons. pron.) hoc loco — locative (in this part of my oration) [cf. ad 7.3] adsiduus — pred. (translate as adv.) praetore me — i.e., during my praetorship (66 BC) [abl. abs.] noverat — nosco = I come to recognize novi = I have come to recognize and therefore know had come to recognize and therefore knew

noveram = I

praetor — pred. ille — i.e., Cat. (67-66, when, following his term as praetor, Cat. was governor of the province of Africa) causam … dixit — pleaded his case [i.e., stood trial (in 65)] de pecuniis repetundis — i.e., on the charge of extorting funds as governor of a province hic — Cael. (with deictic force: cf. ad 9.24) illi — i.e., Cat. (dat. of advantage) ne … quidem — not even (emphasizing the word or words that this expression brackets) advocatus: one who is called by one of the parties in a suit to aid as witness, counsel, or supporter [pred.] [As is attested by comic authors such as Plautus and Martial, an annoying downside to having friends and clients was the obligation to support them in court. This was true even in the case of friends with whom one enjoyed no particularly close connection.] venio — i.e., come forward, appear fuit annus — 64 BC 15

quo — abl. of time within which numquam … recessit — cf. 10.2-7 [By Cic.’s account, Cael. could only have associated with Cat. for a few months. The election that saw Cic. named as one of the consuls for the coming year was likely held in July of 64; Cat. fled Rome in Nov. of 63 and died in January of 62.] [On Austin’s view, Cael. would have been only 19 when Cic. decided he was old enough to fly the nest and take up with Cat. On the other common view, however, Cic. in this trial is presenting a 31/32-year-old eques as a young man who, until quite recently, was still naively attempting to negotiate the enticements of the adult world. For the jurors, the date that marked Cael.’s attainment of adult status was likely 59, when he undertook his first prosecution (at the age of either 23 or 28/29).]

11: tot annos — acc. of extent/duration [On Dyck’s reckoning, Cael. entered under Cic.’s tutelage in ca. 72 BC; the chronology offered by Austin would move this date down to approx. 66. Cat.’s second bid for the consulship took place in 63.] versatus in foro — i.e., after having actively engaged in public business iterum petenti — circumstantial ptcple. (“as the latter was seeking election to the consulship once again”) quem …ad finem — to what point, how long [finis — concluding point, not “end” (which, in Engl., implies purpose]

ergo — argumentative putas — the use of the 2nd pers. sg. is also argumentative in nature (vividness? or is this addressed to a member of the prosecutorial team?) [cf. 38.2; 49.11 — contrast, e.g., 2.19; 3.7; 5.2; 13.17; 14.4; 18.5; 42.28; 45.11; 46.26; 55.4-5, 7-9] custodiendam illam aetatem fuisse — pass. periphrastic in indir. disc. (sc. mihi — “by me”) [As with modal vbs., the use of the past tense of sum here introduces a past contrary-to-fact context: “that that young man should have been guarded/watched over”] [Cic. diverts the jury’s attention via an irrelevant line of argument: the concern does not lie with Cic.’s responsibilities as a guardian but with what Cael. might actually have done.] illam aetatem — abstract for concrete [that young man / that man, in his youth] annus unus nobis olim constitutus erat ad cohibendum brachium toga nobis — dat. of ref. with erat constitutus [The pl. here is likely a true pl. (contrast ad 4.24): Cic. makes common cause with the members of the jury, many of whom would have been approx. Cic.’s age and would have undergone this type of training.] olim — “back in the day” 20

annus unus: a single year (the tirocinium fori — probationary period during which the youthful aristocratic male was introduced to the practices of the forum prior to military service) [Austin] ad cohibendum brachium — gerundive in place of gerund; acc. + ad with force of jussive noun clause (following constitutus erat) [A&G 506 and 563d] Transl.: “had been fixed/established for us to restrain our [right] arm” toga — instr. abl. [The youthful orator in training was compelled to maintain a seemly decorum and avoid wild flights of rhetoric or vehement gestures. He was instead expected to maintain the sort of stately dignity displayed by the dour freedman on a contemporary sculpture in the Capitoline Museum (below). (For an adult, such a pose suggested a confident dignitas. In the case of young men, the muffling of both arms likely suggested the inhibition appropriate to a well brought-up youth, as often in Attic vase-painting.) This reference provides a vivid image, via a type of synecdoche, of the constraints under which such tiros were forced to operate. We today speak of taking off the training-wheels.]

https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/italy-rome-funerary-stele-from-via-statilia-news-photo/122316741

constituo: establish, fix, appoint ut … uteremur — a 2nd jussive noun clause introduced by constitutus erat (A&G 563d) [utor — engage in, practice] exercitatione ludoque campestri — i.e., military drills and physical activities in the Campus Martius exercitatio involved more than mere jumping-jacks]

[i.e.,

campester — relating to the Campus Martius tunicati — pred. (clad only in our tunics) [Note how Cic. here uses dress as a code for evoking a vivid sense of two aspects of the noble Roman’s youthful training: his decorous cloaking in the new toga virilis and youthful exercise clad only in his tunic.] eadem — complement with sum (agreeing with ratio) si statim mereri stipendia coeperamus — i.e., for those of us who had elected to forgo the tirocinium fori and enter directly into military service stipendium: pay, wages (for military service) [The latter were the only type of wages that a well-born Roman could stoop to accept.] coeperamus — we began (from the defective vb. coepi) castrensis ratio ac militaris — the method/practice (of training raw recruits) associated with the military camp and active service (the tirocinium militiae) qua in aetate — at that youthful age/time of life [qua — connecting rel. pron. with embedded antecedent] nisi qui se … defenderet, … non poterat: i.e., nemo poterat nisi is qui se defenderet [“no one was able … except that one who defended himself”] [nisi here has a coordinating force and restricts the meaning of the negated main clause, presenting an exception. The use of a rel. pron. in this construction is common. Cf. Cic., In Pisonem 7.6 (… ut nemo, nisi qui mecum esset, civium esse in numero videretur); Seneca, De Ira 1.13 (nemo irascendo fit fortior, nisi qui fortis sine ira non fuisset).] [Cf. as well the structure of the next sentence: sed qui … praestitisset, de eius fama ac pudicitia … nemo loquebatur] [In our sentence, the parenthetical quoquo modo … custoditus esset breaks the line of thought somewhat, suggesting “no matter

how carefully any particular youth had been guarded/tended”; as a result, nemo is replaced by a simple non. In effect, Cic. conflates the type of expressions cited above with that found at Aulus Gellius 9.12.7: … de “formiduloso” in eam partem quae minus usitata est, exemplum requirat, de “suspicioso” aput M. Catonem De Re Floria ita scriptum: “Sed nisi qui palam corpore pecuniam quaereret aut se lenoni locavisset, etsi famosus et suspiciosus fuisset, vim in corpus liberum non aecum censuere adferri.” (“… of formidulosus in its less usual sense, Marcus Cato, On the property of Florius, used suspiciosus as follows: ‘But except in the case of one who practised public prostitution, or had hired himself out to a procurer, even though he had been ill-famed and suspected (suspiciosus), they decided that it was unlawful to use force against the person of a freeman’” [Loeb]).] qui …defenderet — rel. clause of characteristic [Woodcock 156] se ipse — delayed ipse is often juxtaposed with the refl. pron. for the sake of emphasis [The young man’s entrance into the more complex world of the adult male is presented as involving a type of moral battle for survival.] sua gravitata et castimonia et … disciplina domestica … naturali quodam bono — instr. abl. (“through/due to …”) gravitas — strict morality, dignity, integrity [In contrast to levitas, implies an awareness of the consequences of one’s actions and the importance of one’s public reputation] castimonia — chastity, abstinence, ceremonial purity/purification; morality, moral purity (“clean living” [Austin]) cum … tum etiam … — both … and more particularly … disciplina domestica — moral training that he had received at home 25

naturali quodam bono — a certain innate goodness/virtuousness (of character) [bonum — substantival use of the neut. sg. adj.] quoquo modo a suis custoditus esset — parenthetical quoquo modo — in whatever way, however [abl. of manner] suis — his family, guardians custoditus esset — subj. by attraction to defenderet, on which it depends [I.e., no matter how diligently a young man had been guarded/looked after by his family, his only true protection against corruption lay in the degree to which he had benefitted from a moral up-bringing at home and himself possessed a naturally decent cast of character] tamen — picking up quoquo modo infamiam veram — a bad reputation that was merited [verus — backed by truth, justifiable (Austin)] [Dyck reads gravem, following those who regard veram as a weak explanatory gloss that has ousted a more forceful term] sed qui … praestitisset — rel. clause of characteristic with suppressed antecedent (“But that man who had …”) The antecedent is provided by eius (11.28). prima illa initia aetatis — i.e., those early years of his youth when he was on the threshold of full adulthood integra atque inviolata — pred. (“sound and unsullied”) praesto — keep something safe, guard it (with both dir. obj. and pred. adj.) fama ac pudicitia — his moral reputation (hendiadys) [“reputation for chastity” (Dyck)] eius — picking up qui (11.26) [resumptive use of the demons. pron.] cum — [some edd. read cum is] iam — at last, at length

sese conroboravisset — he had achieved full hardiness — i.e., had reached full adulthood/the robust state of adulthood (on the metaphor here, cf. ad 10.9) sese = se [The reduplicated form might originally have been emphatic but in practice there is no clear distinction betw the two. (In Cic. the deciding factor was likely the resulting rhythm.) Dyck tends to offer se in place of sese, with some exceptions.] loquebatur — i.e., gossiped about it, mentioned it as a source of reproach [note the use of the impf.]

12: [Sections 12-14 clearly had a great influence on Sallust, whose Catiline (in the Bellum Catilinae) is depicted very much along the same lines.] cum iam … esset — with iam, the impf. subj. has the force of a plupfct. (“when he at length/by now had been …”) 1

aliquot annos — acc. of duration (picks up 11.16-17) hoc ĭdem — this same thing (i.e., supporting Cat.) ex omni ordine — i.e., senators, equites, tribuni aerarii, plebs habuit ille permulta signa — non expressa, sed adumbrata —maximarum virtutum sicuti … arbitror — parenthetical sicuti — as indeed maximarum … virtutum — the most admirable qualities expressa … adumbrata — pred. exprimo: form, craft, represent [Austin: metaphor from sculpture referring to a work that has been fully completed — vs. adumbrata (from drawing — of a rough sketch)] [“an immense number of harbingers of the greatest virtues — traces that had not been fully given form but were (as it were) sketched out”] [expressus — “distinct” (Dyck)] signa — marks, indications (i.e., features that gave an indication or promise of something) [+ obj. gen.]

utebatur hominibus — i.e., he cultivated the friendship and support of men multis — emphatic by position et quidem — and yet indeed simulabat se deditum esse viris optimis optimis — [in Cic., this term often denotes a conflation of moral virtue with politically acceptable views: “men of the highest qualities and soundest politics”] apud illum — i.e., in his character, personality illecebra: enticement, in a good or bad sense; an inducement, attraction, charm, allurement, bait, lure [i.e., qualities/charms that lured his associates into …] libidinum — obj. gen. [“inducements/charms (that encouraged the indulging) of one’s lusts/appetites”] multae — emphatic by position stimuli industriae ac laboris — [industriae … laboris are obj. gen. with stimuli] industria — diligence, methodical and purposeful application stimulus: spur, incentive, incitement, inducement, stimulus [i.e., traits that spurred his associates to …] flagro: blaze, “rage”

apud illum — here the focus is on Cat.’s inner self, his true personality, vs. above where apud illum alludes to his effect upon others vigeo — flourish, abound, thrive studia rei militaris: devotion to military affairs neque ego puto tale monstrum ullum umquam fuisse in terris tale … ullum — the addition of ullum is unexpected and emphatic 10

monstrum: “abomination,” “freak” [lit. portent] [Dyck compares Cic.’s Catiline to such mythical creatures as the hermaphrodite, centaurs, etc.] conflatum ex tam contrariis diversisque et inter se pugnantibus naturae studiis cupiditatibusque contrariis diversisque atque inter se pugnantibus: discordant, varied, and contradictory pugno: contend, conflict, disagree, oppose, contradict [cf. 41.19] naturae: defining gen. (“derived from nature,” “natural”) — take with studiis cupiditatibusque studiis cupiditatibusque: passions and appetites (Austin) conflo: melt, fuse metals, meld

13: quodam tempore — i.e., at a certain time in the past (before his true character became known) iucundus: pleasant, agreeable, delightful, pleasing, affable [i.e., welcome — Austin notes a possible allusion to Cat.’s association with Caesar and Crassus] coniunctus: connected or united by relationship or friendship, allied, kindred, intimate, friendly quis civis — [civis is pred.] meliorum partium — [gen. of description modifying civis] [pars in such a context (sg. or pl.) alludes to one’s political affiliation (faction): contrast 8.15. To be a vir/homo/civis bonarum partium is to be a solid/rightthinking individual, a person with a sound political record. Cf. Pro Caelio 77 (civem bonarum artium, bonarum partium, bonorum virorum); ad Brutum 5.3 (qui vir, di boni, quam gravis, quam constans, quam bonarum in re publica partium!); Asconius, Pro Milone 47 (quo loco inducit loquentem Milonem cum bonarum partium hominibus de meritis suis)] aliquando: at one time [cf. quodam tempore at 13.12] taeter: foul, shocking, hideous, loathsome hostis — [employed of foreign foes] 15

inquino: befoul, stain; pollute, defile, corrupt, contaminate rapacitas: greediness, rapacity avarus: avaricious, covetous, greedy, grasping

[varior in Englert’s text is a typo: read avarior]

largitio — a giving freely, bestowing, dispensing [largesse, benefaction] effusus — prodigal, lavish illa (n. pl.) — the following (traits/qualities/abilities) admirabilis — extraordinary, astonishing, strange, rare, paradoxical [attrib. adj. with illa] comprehendere … communicare … servire … versare … regere … torquere ac flectere … vivere — substantive use of the inf., in apposition to illa

comprehendo: bind to one’s self, to put under obligation, to embrace with kindness tueor: look to, care for, maintain, support, guard, preserve, defend, protect [cf. 7.7] [sc. amicos / amicitiam] obsequium: compliance; obedience, allegiance [Austin: devotion] cum omnibus communicare quod habebat: this phrase was condemned by an early commentator as flat-footed and out of sync with the style of this passage — perhaps in intrusive gloss originally intended to elucidate the following servire temporibus suorum omnium pecunia? [communicare assumes id (antecedent of quod) as its obj. (suppressed antecedent)] tempus: in plur., circumstances (esp. freq. of dangerous or distressful circumstances) [servire temporibus suorum omnium — to devote himself without reservation to the needs of all of his friends when they were facing hard times] 20

pecunia, gratia, labore … scelere … et audacia — instr. abl. gratia: favor, kindness [here of his political influence — calling in favors (cf. ad 1.13 and 46.1)] scelere … et audacia — act of brazen criminality (hendiadys) si opus esset — if ever there was need [the impf. subj. represents what, in primary sequence, would be the protasis of a fut.-less-vivid condition (si + pres. subj.), here projected into the past: A&G 516f; Woodcock 199] verso: turn, twist, bend, alter regere … torquere ac flectere: sc. suam naturam rego — direct, conduct, manage ad tempus — according to the needs of the moment severe … iucunde … graviter … comiter … audaciter … luxuriose: to be taken with vivere tristis: stern, harsh, austere severus: serious, sober, grave, strict, austere, stern, severe remissus: relaxed, not rigid, strict, or hard; slack, negligent, remiss (dissolute) comiter — affably, pleasantly; in a friendly or sociable manner facinerosus: wicked, criminal; villainous; vicious libidinosus: lustful, wanton; capricious, licentious luxuriosus: immoderate, extravagant, wanton — adv.: wantonly, immoderately, excessively [with abandon]

14: 25

hac … tam varia multiplicique natura — instr. abl. [again, Engl. has a difficult time dealing with this combination of two demonstratives: “this exceedingly …”] multiplici: complex [Austin] natura — i.e., character cum omnis … homines improbos audacesque collegerat, tum etiam multos fortes viros et bonos … tenebat cum … tum etiam … — both … and more particularly … [cf. 11.24] omnis … homines — i.e., all sorts of people improbos audacisque — pred. [hendiadys: endowed with a brazen villainy] fortis — gallant, valiant, noble

bonus — virtuous, upstanding specie quadam — by means of a certain semblance (instr. abl.) [cf. 12.3-4] assimulatus — feigned, pretended, dissembled teneo — maintain, retain (as friends and allies) [note the use of the impf., vs. the plupfct. at 14.27] neque umquam … exstitisset, nisi … niteretur — a past contrary-to-fact condition 1

delendi huius imperi — gerundive in place of gerund (obj. gen. with impetus) impetus: impulse, passion, urge, effort [with ex illo, this must allude to the passionate enthusiasm inspired by Cat. in his confederates: cf. 12.6-8] exsisto — emerge, arise [ex illo … exstitisset — i.e., it would not have been inspired by him in others] nisi tanta immanitas tot vitiorum quibusdam radicibus facilitatis et patientiae niteretur — [the impf. subj. here in a past contrary-to-fact condition, emphasizing the on-going, continuous nature of the action: Woodcock 199] immanitas: monstrous size, hugeness, vastness, excess; more usually: monstrousness, enormity, heinousness, savageness, fierceness, cruelty, barbarism [“the word implies not only size but cruelty, frightfulness, ‘enormity’ in two senses” (Austin)] [“such a monstrous combination of so many vices”] tot vitiorum — gen. of material quibusdam … radicibus — abl. with nitor (cf. 2.22) facilitatis et patientiae — gen. of material facilitas: willingness, readiness, good-nature, courteousness, affability, charm — Austin follows Madvig in arguing for facultatis (ability), which provides a sharper contrast to immanitas vitiorum and is more readily associated with the virtue of patientia; Dyck accepts the mss. reading] patientia — strength of endurance, toughness qua re = quare — therefore, and so, in that light (summing up) condicio: circumstance, situation, state of affairs (as posited by the prosecution) (Dyck) [i.e., the unfounded suggestion put forward by the prosecution that any association with Cat. is to be taken as an indication of a criminal personality)] [proposition, contention] respuatur … haereat — jussive subj. Catilinae familiaritatis — an association with Cat. [familiaritatis is gen. of charge] haereo — “stick,” have any purchase; attach itself to Cael. in a way that might be prejudicial to his case [enjoy any credit]

est … commune cum multis — sc. crimen [i.e., it is an offence that was committed by many and thus a charge to which many would be vulnerable] communis — shared in common et cum quibusdam bonis — and even with certain virtuous/upstanding men [Some edd. read etiam before bonis] [again, many in the jury would have thought of Caesar and Crassus] me ipsum — me, inquam! — quondam … — [Cic. had been Cat.’s most inveterate opponent and had reviled him in many a speech; he had also presented the defeat of Cat. as the most glorious achievement of his consulship. Yet even he (he claims) came close to being deceived.] cum videretur mihi et civis bonus et cupidus optimi cuiusque et amicus firmus ac fidelis — sc. esse civis bonus — “a party term … = ‘loyal citizen’” [Austin] cupidus — i.e., desirous of the esteem of, keen to maintain a bond with, devoted to [+ obj. gen.]

optimi cuiusque — all the best citizens [A&G 313b] [optimus here has very much the sense of “rightthinking.” Cf. the term optimates] firmus — devoted, constant, steadfast [Note how naturally, and how closely, the language of patriotic devotion comes to be bound up with that of partisanship] oculis … opinione, manibus … suspicione — instr. abl. [The images here point to actually witnessing a crime (oculis) and (manibus) apprehending the criminal] opinio — belief depr(eh)endo — detect, apprehend 10

cuius — connecting rel. pron. (si etiam Caelius fuit in magnis catervis amicorum istius) catervus — throng [the vast number of Cat.’s adherents suggests that Cael. was simply one naïve follower among many] amicus — ally, adherent magis est ut … ferat … quam ut … reformidet — it is more the case that he bears/should bear … than that he is apprehensive/should be … [OLD s.v. magis 4a] (the subj. in each instance has a consecutive force — phps., as suggested above, pointing to an expected rather than an actual result) ut ipse moleste ferat se errasse — both the expression moleste fero (“be annoyed, irked”) and the vb. erro serve to undercut the possibility of Cael. having committed any serious crime: he goofed fero + adv. — to bear/“take” something in a certain manner errasse se — acc. + inf. introduced by moleste ferat [errasse = erravisse] sicuti … paenitet — parenthetical non numquam — i.e., sometimes in eodem homine — i.e., in regard to that same individual paenitet — impers. vb. that takes the acc. of the person grieved and the gen. of the thing for which he/she feels regret crimen amicitiae istius — i.e., being formally charged with having been that scoundrel’s friend (as if the latter were an indictable offense). [Cael.’s actions constituted an ill-advised mistake — one made as well by many others — rather than a criminal offense.] istius — i.e., Catilinae amicitiae — gen. of charge

15: itaque — and so, thus, and so it was that … maledicta — slanders impudicitia — sexual immorality/degeneracy (gen. of charge) invidia — malicious insinuations, the introduction of a false charge that is calculated to arouse the ill-will of the jury coniurationis —gen. of charge 15

delabor — descend, sink, degenerate; slide or slip into (a new subject) pono — formally state, place place an allegation before (a jury)

atque id tamen — sc. fecistis (a parenthetical statement: id picks up posuistis). [What the prosecution presented to the jury was such unfounded nonsense that they couldn’t even present it in a forthright fashion] titubanter et strictim — “in a hesitating and superficial manner” [Austin] titubanter — in an unsteady or uncertain manner, falteringly strictim — cursorily, summarily, in a superficial manner hunc participem coniurationis fuisse propter amicitiam Catilinae — acc. + inf. following posuistis propter — based on [i.e., this was the grounds for the prosecution’s charges] [The plurals vestra and posuistis point to the entire prosecutorial team. The sudden focus on Atratinus at 15.1718 highlights just how difficult a time the young man had in presenting such nonsense.] in quo — quo is a connecting rel. pron. referring back to the charge of conspiracy against the State (“in which part of your speech …,” “in regard to which matter …”) non modo … non … sed vix — “not only not x, but scarcely y” haerebat — cf. 14.4 vix (adv.) — with cohaerebat diserti adulescentis — “of this young man, for all his eloquence” [adulescens again emphasizes the notion of a youthful Atratinus who is in over his head, while diserti (emphatic in placement) is mocking.] cohaereo — hold together, display any coherence in its argument [Once again Cic. encourages his audience to engage in a critique of the defects of his opponent’s speech — in this case, its sheer lack of probability.] [The jingle haerebat … cohaerebat adds to the mocking tone] qui … tantus furor — what raging insanity [Again, Engl. cannot readily combine an interrog. adj. with a demonst.] [Furor — as often, here = insane folly. I.e., what foolishness might have led a youth with Cael.’s background to behave as the prosecutors have described regarding Cat.’s plot? (The implied result clause is left unstated.)] [cf. ad 36.23 (insanis)] quod tantum … volnus — see prev. n. volnus = defect [“what incredible defect”] 20

aut in moribus naturaque … aut in re atque fortuna — either in his innate character [hendiadys], or in his financial situation [i.e., he would have had to be a degenerate fool or a profligate bankrupt] res — property, wealth fortuna — as in Engl. “fortunes” [For the allegedly dissolute nature of Catiline’s followers, see Sallust’s account, where members of the conspiracy are presented as a group of aristocratic wastrels who turn to revolution as a means of escaping their debts and transforming themselves into the tyrants of Rome.] ubi denique in ista suspicione nomen Caeli auditum est? ista suspicio — i.e., in all of the rumors regarding Cat. and his allies at the time when the conspiracy came to light (see Dyck ad loc.) Caeli nomen — Caeli is emphatic by position nimium multa de re minime dubia loquor — I am going on too long about matters that are not at all in doubt [This display of annoyance further encourages the jury to dismiss Atratinus’ allegations out of hand] [cf. 55.18] hoc: the following [cf. 9.23] non modo si … sed nisi … (introducing a past contrary-to-fact condition)

inimicissimus — altogether hostile toward/opposed to, a firm opponent of (+ gen.) numquam adulescentiam suam potissimum accusatione coniurationis commendare voluisset coniurationis accusatione — instr. abl. + gen. of charge [In 59 BC Cael. had made a name for himself by successfully prosecuting Cic.’s fellow consul Antonius for extortion during his term as governor of the province of Macedonia.12 While allegations of Antonius’ support for Cat. no doubt loomed large in Cael.’s presentation, the case was actually about another matter altogether. Here, however, Cic. argues that Cael. would scarcely have prosecuted someone for supporting Cat. if he himself were in fact part of the conspiracy — an argument that fails to hold water on a number of points.] adulescentiam suam — the successful case against Antonius won Cael. admittance into the company of the adult Roman elite [adulescentia here = himself as a young man (abstract for concrete)] potissimum (adv.) — in particular, above all [with adulescentiam suam]

commendo — establish, commend, validate [commendare voluisset = “would he, of his own accord, have attempted to establish …”]

16: quod — connecting relative (“this same argument”) [i.e., the argument from probability, grounded in the notion that Cael. could scarcely have been so foolish to act as the prosecution has claimed] [quod provides the acc. subject of respondendum (esse).] haud scio an … putem — “I scarcely know whether I should think …” [putem — delib. subj. in indir. question] [“I am inclined to think …” (Austin)] quod … respondendum — sc. esse (pass. periphrastic in indir. discourse introduced by putem: sc. mihi) de ambitu — regarding the prosecution’s allegations of Cael.’s engagement in electoral bribery (likely in the elections that, comm. posit, saw him become praetor in 58) istis — i.e., those charges/allegations the prosecution raised (contemptuous) sodalium ac sequestrium — gen. of charge sodales — members of a sodalicium (a private faction/group that joined forces to ensure the election of a particular individual) sequester — bribery-agent (a middle-man who distributed bribes on behalf of another) [cf. 30b.20] quoniam huc incidi — parenthetical huc — i.e., this particular part of the prosecution’s argument (huc vs. hīc due to the force of incĭdo) [“since I have reached this point” (Austin)] [As Dyck notes, Cic. conveys the impression that he is dealing with the prosecution’s various allegations as they happen to come to mind.] incĭdo — to fall upon accidentally, light upon (in thought or conversation) si se … commaculasset, Caelius numquam tam amens fuisset ut … alterum accusaret, neque suspicionem eius facti in altero quaereret, cuius ipse perpetuam licentiam sibi optaret, nec, si periculum ambitus sibi subeundum putaret, ipse alterum … arcesseret numquam … tam Caelius amens fuisset — opens with the the apodosis of a past contrary-to-fact condition (“He never would have been so foolish …”) amens — cf. ad 15.19 (furor) si sese … commaculavisset — protasis of the past contrary-to-fact condition introduced introduced at 16.27

See Austin, App. VII; Dyck 5.

sese = se [see ad 11.28] isto infinito ambitu — “that unbounded electoral corruption of which you speak” (Dyck) [instr. abl.] commaculo — thoroughly stain, pollute, defile [commaculasset = commaculavisset] ut … alterum accusaret — consecutive clause introduced by tam (16.28) [impf. subj. in virtual secondary sequence] [note that this clause presents an expected, as opposed to an actual, result: “so foolish as to …”] [The allusion is to the prosecution of Bestia] infinitus — unbridled, unchecked, wanton (i.e., ludicrously extravagant) ambitus — gen. of charge 1

eius facti — (i.e., ambitus): gen. with suspicionem (eius is correlative with the following cuius) factum — act, deed, crime in altero — in the case of another person, against another person suspicionem quaereret — i.e., seek to rouse suspicion [impf. subj. in pres. contrary-to-fact statement (here and below)] cuius ipse sibi licentiam perpetuam optaret — for which he himself desired to enjoy a continued freedom/license cuius — obj. gen. with licentiam (with eius facti as antecedent) sibi — dat. of advantage (for himself) [reinforces ipse] optaret — rel. clause of characteristic or subj. by attraction to quaereret, on which it depends (opto — wish for, desire) [The above reading takes licentiam as dir. obj. of optaret. One could understand licentiam perpetuam sibi esse optaret — acc. + inf. introduced by optaret (with sibi as dat. of possession).] nec ipse alterum ambitus crimine iterum arcesseret si periculum ambitus sibi semel subeundum esse putaret nec, si … putaret, … arcesseret — pres. contrary-to-fact condition sibi … periculum … subeundum — sc. esse (pass. periphrastic in indir. discourse introduced by putaret) semel —a single time [The meaning of this does not become clear until we reach iterum.] periculum — i.e., a trial ambitus — gen. of charge iterum — a reference to the pending trial of Bestia, where Cael. would be prosecuting this man on a charge of electoral bribery for the second time ambitus — gen. of charge crimine — instr. abl. arcesso — summon (into court), arraign; accuse, inform against quod — connecting rel. pron. (in reference to Cael.’s second prosecution of Bestia) [This provides both the obj. of facit and the subject of est. nec … et …

me invito — abl. abs. (against my will, without my support) eius modi / eiusmodi — of that sort, of such a sort (gen. of description, with cupiditas) cupiditas — complement with sum (the subject is quod — Cael.’s second prosecution of Bestia) [cupiditas — ambition, drive, zeal] [For the construction, cf. 23.7]

[The word order tells against taking cupiditas as subject of sum. Austin and Dyck read eiusmodi cupiditatis, with cupiditatis as gen. of characteristic employed as a pred.: “it is of (i.e., characterized by) that type of ambition/zeal”] ut … videatur —consecutive clause (introduced by eius modi) (“nevertheless it constitutes ambition/zeal of such a type that he seems to harass another man who is innocent rather than be diffident regarding his own position”). For more on Cael.’s ruthlessness, see 77. insector — harass verbally, hound, harry, vex alterius innocentiam — i.e., another man who is innocent (abstract for concrete) de se timide cogitare — reflect in a faint-hearted manner concerning himself (i.e., display anxiety regarding his own situation, be diffident concerning his own situation)

17: nam quod … obiectum est, reprehensi (sunt), … flagitatae (sunt) — for the formula nam quod, see ad 4.23 aes alienum — debts sumptus — expenditure, extravagance reprehendo — censure, find fault with (sc. sunt) tabulae — account-books (listing the loans Cael. has taken out and the debts he owes) [Defendants in a Roman court often produced their financial records as evidence of their probity] flagito — demand something fiercely or violently (sc. sunt) respondeam — subj. in indir. question [cf. 15.21-22] ille qui in patris potestate est, nullas tabulas conficit (ille) qui — suppressed antecedent patris potestas / patria potestas — the legal authority of a father over his children. Technically, this remained in force throughout the father’s lifetime. In reality, a male aristocrat in his late 20s / early 30s was no longer considered a minor. nullas — emphatic by position conficio — set down in writing, record; (of records or accounts): keep, maintain (i.e., Cic. claims that any substantial contracts involving Cael. would have been arranged and paid for by his father) versura — borrowing of money from one person to pay a debt to another (a sign of financial distress or profligacy) [here = a (bad) loan] [cf. 38.27] 10

ullam — again, emphatic by position unius generis — of one sort/type (gen. of description) habitationis — rent (obj. gen. with sumptus or gen. in apposition to generis). [A reference to Cael.’s allegedly extravagant abode on the Palatine hill, which, according to Cic., placed him in close proximity to Clodia and attracted her lustful attentions.] triginta milibus — 30,000 sesterces per year (abl. of price) [Austin cites Velleius Paterculus 2.10, who notes that, while in 125 BC a rent of 6,000 sesterces was grounds for a scandal, by his own day (AD 30) it was a paltry sum: at nunc si quis tanti habitet, vix ut senator agnoscitur.] habitare — “lived at the cost of …” (i.e., inhabited his dwelling at a rent of …) [sc. eum] nunc demum intellego — “now at last I perceive that …” (Cic. pretends to have just now puzzled out the rationale for the prosecution’s lies concerning Cael.’s living arrangements: “I get it!”)

insulam P. Clodi venalem esse— acc. + inf. with intellego (“that Clodius’ block of apartments is up for sale”) [Cael. lived in a block of apartments owned by Clodius. As Austin notes, in such blocks the ground floor as a whole was often rented to a single individual as a luxury suite, with the quality of the accommodations declining the farther up one went (cf. Juv. 3.190-211). Cic. claims that Clodius has misrepresented Cael.’s circumstances, as well as the cost of his rent, in an attempt to drive up the price of the property.] [Alternatively, Cic. could be alluding to an aristocratic house on the model of the House of Pansa in Pompeii, which also covers an entire block and for which a rental notice was recovered (§CIL IV.138). There, independent apartment suites (referred to in the notice as domūs: cf. 18.23) are embedded along one side of the building (below: entrances at 7, 9, and 10). Such an arrangement would allow a readier intimacy with Clodius’ sister Clodia and makes somewhat more sense given the location on the Palatine.]

House of Pansa (Pirson fig. 1) cuius — take Clodius as the antecedent (“whose” — to be taken with aediculis) hic — Cael. aedicula: small room; small house or habitation [pl. — here of a modest suite of rooms; a flat] decem … milibus — 10,000 sesterces (abl. of price) ut opinor — the casual tone underscores the irrelevance of this whole argument, in Cic.’s eyes, while perhaps also allowing him to play somewhat fast-and-loose with the truth vos — addressed to the defense team dum … voltis — “in your desire to please Clodius” [OLD s.v. dum 4] illi — Clodius (dat.) placeo — employed here as a personal vb. ad tempus eius — to suit his (Clodius’) circumstances (i.e., to his advantage) [cf. 13.19] 15

mendacium vestrum — your falsehood, your lying

18: reprehendistis quod a patre semigrarit quod semigrarit — causal quod + subj. citing a reason presented by another (“that, as you claimed, …”) [A&G 540] [The pfct. can be explained by taking reprehendistis as a true pfct. (primary sequence) or by regarding the quod-clause as representing a contemporary perspective: “you found fault with the fact that, as you asserted, he has moved …”] semigrarit = semigraverit [semigro — to move away (from someone)] [The prefix se- indicates separation, as in segrego, separo, sepono] quod quidem — connecting rel. pron. (alluding to Cael. moving out of his father’s house) in hac aetate — i.e., for someone of this age (abstract for concrete) [Some edd. read iam in hac aetate, which makes the point more forcefully, but note iam in line 18 just below] [cf. 11.16-19] minime — not at all reprehendum est — pass. periphrastic qui cum et iam victoriam consecutus esset ex publica causa — mihi quidem molestam, sibi tamen gloriosam — et per aetatem magistratus petere posset qui — connecting rel. pron. (“That man” — i.e., Cael.) cum … iam consecutus esset … posset — temporal/causal cum-clause et … et … — some edd. omit the first et, which seems preferable [As Austin notes, Clark’s own app. crit. suggests that he favored the omission.] ex publica causa — from a public trial, as the result of a public trial (the prosecution of Cic.’s former colleague Antonius) [the construction here focuses on the renown (gloriosam) that Cael. acquired from this victory] iam esset … consecutus — “had already won/acquired” (and therefore was certainly of an age to move out of his father’s house) mihi quidem molestam, sibi tamen gloriosam victoriam — a victory that was irksome to me but brought glory upon him [molestam … gloriosam — pred.] per aetatem — on account of his age, so far as his age was concerned magistratus — elected offices [If the quaestorship is intended here (minimum age at election: 30), this implies that Cael. was born well before 82 BC (see ad 1.12). Otherwise one must follow Austin in assuming that Cael. is presented as being of an age when he might “look forward to elected office” more generally, as is suggested by the generalizing per aetatem … posset.] 20

non modo … sed etiam permittente patre … suadente — abl. abs. suadeo — urge semigravit … conduxit — the two main vbs. in this cmpd. sentence cum … abesset — causal cum-clause quo facilius … posset — final clause introduced by quo (+ comparative adv. — A&G 531a) a suis coli — i.e., be waited on/tended by his own friends, clients, supporters [colo — cultivate the friendship of, tend] [Martial and Juvenal provide ample evidence of the frustration of clients forced to schlep all the way across town to tend their patrons.] conduco — rent, hire non magno — abl. of price (Woodcock 87.iii) domum — i.e., place to live, abode (cf. ad insulam in 17.12)

quo loco — quo is a connecting rel. pron. with embedded antecedent: “on this topic,” “in this connection” (Austin) [cf. ad 7.3] quod … M. Crassus … paulo ante dixit — Crassus had given the second speech in defense of Cael., just before that of Cic. 25

cum … quereretur — temporal cum-clause [queror — “lament” (The vb. gives a sense of the mock-tragic tone of Crassus’ discussion. See, further, Austin ad loc.)] de adventu regis Ptolemaei — [Crassus clearly dealt more directly with the political context of Cael.’s trial and the actual charges than does Cic. The allusion is to Ptolemy’s trip to Rome in 58 BC in order to bribe various senators to assist in getting Rome to re-establish him on his throne. See Austin App. V, Dyck 2-4] paulo — abl. of degree of difference utinam ne in nemore Pelio — Cic. here introduces a brief series of excerpts from the opening of Ennius’ tragedy, Medea (based on the play of the same name by Euripides),13 quoted at length in the Rhet. ad Her. 2.34:

utinám n(e) in némore Pélio secúribús caesa accidisset abiegna ad terram trabes, neue inde nauis inchoandi exordium cepisset, quae nunc nominatur nomine Argo, quia Argiui in ea delecti uiri uecti petebant pellem inauratam arietis Colchis, imperio regis Peliae, per dolum. nam númqu(am) er(a) érrans méa dom(o) éfferrét pedém Medé(a) anim(o) aégr(o) amóre saéuo saúciá.

If only the firwood timber had not fallen to the ground in the Pelian grove, hewn by axes, and if only the ship had not taken from there the first steps to a beginning — the ship that is now known by the name of Argo, since selected Argive men traveling in her sought the Golden Fleece of the ram from the Colchians, at the behest of king Pelias, by trickery. For never would my mistress, Medea, going astray, set her foot outside the house, sick in her mind, wounded by savage love.14

Meter: iamic senarii (a spoken verse-form).

Ennius takes us back to the age of Plautus and Terence (late 3rd-early 2nd C. BC), whose works will be evoked later in the speech. 14 S. M. Goldberg/G. Manuwald, trs. 13

This is the first of a series of literary allusions/quotations in this speech as Cic. recalls the dramatic entertainments that others besides the hard-pressed jury are enjoying during the Megalesia. Ignoring the portrayal of Medea in the Greek tragic tradition, Cic. presents Clodia as “the Medea of the Palatine” — a powerful aristocratic woman made dangerous by her lust who will pursue any and all means to achieve her revenge against the heroic young male who has spurned her attentions. For the mythological background: http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/CourseNotes/MedBckgnd.html utinam ne (accidisset) — utinam introducing an impossible wish regarding the past (plupfct. subj.) [A&G 442] [The play begins with Medea’s nurse wishing that the timber employed to build the Argo had never been hewn on the slopes of Mt. Pelion (near Jason’s home) and that, as a consequence, Jason had never sailed to Colchis. As Austin notes, Crassus no doubt alluded to the disastrous consequences of Ptolemy’s arrival and the consequent embassy led by Dio.] Pelius — adj. (of or related to Mt. Pelion) 1

longius — adv. (at greater length) contexo — interweave, insert (into the context of this speech) liceret — apodosis of a pres. contrary-to-fact statement (“I could incorporate this poem at greater length, [if I so desired]”) nam … saucia — a single sentence that interweaves Cic.’s own words into Ennius’ text era — mistress errans — “wandering” (of her departure from her home in Colchis but with the further suggestion of mental distraction: “in her delusion”) [circumstantial ptcple.] [In Cic.’s version, this carries the additional sense of straying from the path of virtue: “in her moral folly.”] [To a juror who recalled the play in more detail, the Nurse’s reference to Medea setting foot outside of her ancestral home would also be telling: Cic. is going to present the prosecution’s entire case as an example of the dangerous folly that can occur when a jealous woman is allowed to bring her private vendettas into the public sphere.] hanc molestiam — this nuisance, bother (i.e., the present trial) [ludicrously prosaic and trivial, undercutting the tragic tone of Ennius’ lines — comic bathos] exhibeo — occasion, cause [impf. subj. — apodosis of a contrary-to-fact condition, continuing the vein of the Nurse’s lament (18.27). The impf. mirrors the syntax of the original text (efferret), where this construction had a past contrary-to-fact force: “never would my mistress have been destined to leave her home.” Cf. Woodcock 199.] Medea — in apposition to era animo aegro — abl. of description (of mental/emotional distress) [pred.] amore saevo — causal abl. saucia — pred.

sic — logical in force (“in this way,” “accordingly”) (id) quod ostendam cum ad id loci venero quod = id quod (suppressed antecedent) [“something that …”] id loci — that topic (cf. ad 18.24) [partitive gen. with generic neut. pron.] [cf. ad 7.3] venero — note the use of the fut. pfct. (“when I shall have reached …”) hanc Palatinam Medeam migrationemque hanc … fuisse: acc. + inf. — indir. discourse in apposition to quod (18.5). [Atratinus had referred to Cael. as a pulchellus Iason (a pretty little Jason) to which Cael. had responded by calling Atratinus a Pelia cincinnatus (a curly-haired [i.e., effeminate] Pelias).] migrationem hanc — Cael.’s move to the Palatine. [Some edd. omit migrationem hanc as a later fussy addition. This omission allows for the reading huic adulescenti, which is more forceful.]

adulescenti — dat. of ref. (with causam) causam sive malorum omnium sive potius sermonum — the cause either of all of his woes or, rather, of all of the gossip (against him) [Cic. returns to the notion that, at heart, the prosecution’s case consists only of gossip and slander unworthy of a proper court of law. The grandly tragic malorum omnium is thus slyly replaced with the more sordid and trivial sermonum.]

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REFUTATIO PRIMA & DE M. CAELI VITA ET MORIBUS II (23-50) [I have omitted sections 23-30a which contain some interesting passages but take us away from the principal focus of this selection.]

30b: auri et veneni: gen. of charge (A&G 352) persona: mask; character in play or work of literature; individual (who has a certain status or role in a legal proceedings) [note once again the association with theatrical performance and playing a role: cf. 8.15-16] versor: to come and go frequently; be busy, occupy oneself, be active sumptum … quaesitum — sc. est sumptum: acquired a Clodia — i.e., from Clodia (vs. “by Clodia”) quod … daretur — rel. clause of purpose dicitur — impers. (sc. ab accusatoribus) omnia … alia — all of the other allegations offered by the prosecution crimina … maledicta — complement with sum maledicta: slanders, abusive words iurgi petulantis magis quam quaestionis publicae: gen. of characteristic (A&G 343c) [“the stuff of …”] iurgium: quarrel, railing; abuse, invective [with petulans: loutish brawl (Austin)] petulans: insolent, unruly, immodest, forward, wanton, saucy, intemperate, rude [with note of inappropriate assertion or aggression] 20

quaestio: official inquiry, investigation; trial adulter: not “adulterer” per se but someone whose abandoned lust leads him to have illicit intercourse with any freeborn woman (the wife, daughter, mother of a Roman citizen), thereby ruining her prospects for marriage or calling into question the status of any children she might have and bringing disgrace on her family (esp. her husband/father) [cf. ad 6b.16: pudicitia]. The term has much greater force for the Romans than it does in modern North America. impudicus: shameless, lewd, disgusting, filthy [degenerate] sequester: an intermediate in any financial transaction (legal or illegal) who is entrusted with funds owed, money intended for bribery, etc. [bribery-agent: cf. above ad 16.26] [Such middle-men were likely freedmen as a rule: i.e., the taunt implicates Cael.’s social standing as well as his character.] convicium: loud outcry, clamor; shouted abuse [intemperate verbal abuse; a shouting match] enim — note the delayed position

sedes: grounds [The principal ms. reads nulla — i.e., sedes as sg. Austin argues that this yields better rhythm; Dyck agrees] vox — utterance, cry, shout [Take voces as the complement with sum: “[What the prosecution offers] are abusive shouts …”] contumeliosus: abusive, insulting, reproachful auctor: authority; confirmer (i.e., person whose testimony or opinion has weight and authority and who could therefore substantiate the charges); evidence, proof, substantiation — abl. abs. [Contrast 31.1, where auctor is best taken as “informant,” “instigator.” The repetition offers a sarcastic correction: in the case of the two principal charges (as opposed to the various other slanders the prosecution has thrown about), I do see an instigator. Thus edd. reject the word-order of the principal ms. at 31.1, which reads video fontem, video auctorem and so weakens the opposition] emissae — pred. (a circumstantial ptcple. — not to be taken with sunt) [emitto — cf. the use elsewhere of vbs. such as iacto and obicio to characterize the prosecution’s heedless presentation of the charges]

31: criminum: obj. gen. video — [As Dyck notes, Cic. professes to see the auctor of the two specific charges quite clearly (since she is right there in court) as he reveals the alleged role of Clodia in this whole affair, thus bringing to the fore the shadowy figure who earlier was presented as hovering in the background (30b.17: persona versatur).] auctorem: see ad 30b.23 fons — source, origin, cause [cf. 19.17-20] 25

certus: fixed, specific, particular — but also indef. “certain” (as in Engl.) [something whose existence is given, but whose nature is not more definitely designated] nomen — authority (in this case, one who provides the validation for a legal charge) caput: origin, source, fountainhead (cf. 19.20)

[nomen et caput parallels auctorem … fontem]

opus est + abl. — there is need of sumpsit … sumpsit … habuit — sc. aurum [The terms under which the gold was obtained ignore the standard practices employed in lending money — something that elite Romans did quite often. In this instance, the money was borrowed from a woman, without any witnesses to the transaction (or, it appears, any written record), and with no stated time in which the loan was to be repaid.] egregius: outstanding; distinguished; extraordinary, unusual familaritas: intimacy, familiar intercourse, friendship, intimate acquaintance [obj. gen.] 1

eandem — i.e., Clodia quaesivit venenum, sollicitavit servos, potionem paravit, locum constituit, clam attulit — [The ms. tradition presents: quaesivit venenum, sollicitavit quos potuit, paravit, locum constituit, attulit. Most edd. emend the text here along the lines of Clark’s edition (see below, however, re clam) but Austin suggests the much less drastic quaesivit venenum, paravit, sollicitavit quos potuit, horam locum constituit, attulit. Cf. 13.32 (si venenum ab hoc sibi paratum esse non arguit), which supports associating venenum with paravit, and 58.2 (where venenum must be understood with paratum). (On the other hand, one could posit that the text has been disrupted by the intrusion of a gloss that originally cited one or both of these passages by way of comparison.) Note that the term potio appears nowhere else in this speech although it is employed of a poisonous draught elsewhere in Cic. Englert follows the principal ms. tradition.] One group of mss. (that offer corrections from a now lost ms.) presents the reading quam locum, which makes no sense. Most edd. simply omit quam as a slip. Housman argues that quam must represent something in the original text and proposes horam locum constituit (“set a time and a place”: asyndeton —

cf. Hor. Sat. 1.4.15), which is accepted by Austin. Clark reads clam attulit — a curious solution. Dyck follows Housman re horam locum but otherwise follows the ms. reading.] We will follow Austin: quaesivit venenum, paravit, sollicitavit quos potuit, horam locum constituit, attulit. [The rushed and somewhat jumbled nature of this list is no doubt intended to suggest the confused and haphazard nature of the tale offered by the prosecution.] sollicito — urge to wrong-doing, suborn, seduce, provoke, incite to revolt [Austin: bribe (of tampering with a person’s honesty)] [potio — concoction] (illos) quos — suppressed antecedent (i.e., those among Clodia’s household staff whom he could suborn) paro — procure, acquire, get, obtain (sc. venenum) horam locum constituit — i.e., arranged a rendezvous at which the poison intended for Clodia could be handed over to her slaves horam locum — a time and place (asyndeton) attulit — sc. venenum rursus — in turn, by contrast (compared to the earlier signs of Cael.’s friendly intimacy with Clodia) odium … exstitisse — acc. + inf. introduced by video cum crudelissimo discidio: abl. of attendant circumstances crudelis: rude, unfeeling, hard, unmerciful, hard-hearted, cruel, severe, fierce discidium: discord, division, parting, rupture; divorce [!] exsisto — to take shape, arise [cf. 14.1-2] res — the essential matter, issue, “business,” concern nobis — sympathetic dat. [The jury likely took this as another allusion primarily to Cic., rather than to the defense team as a whole: having finally gotten down to business, Cic. defines quite rigorously what is to be the focus of the core of his speech: cf. ad 4.24.] cum Clodia — complement with sum 5

muliere — in apposition with Clodia non solum … verum etiam nobilis: high-born, of noble birth (i.e, with relatives and ancestors who have held the office of praetor and consul, as becomes evident below) [Donatus remarks that gladiators and meretrices were accustomed to be called nobiles (Austin) but this point is rather obscure here and would ruin the word-play] notus: renowned (a meaning also born by nobilis); notorious [cf. ad notet at 6.23] depellendi criminis causa — gerundive in place of gerund [causa + gerund/gerundive indicating purpose: A&G 504b] [Cic. repeatedly acknowledges the unseemliness of disparaging a respectable woman in public and puts on a show of treating Clodia with the utmost respect, only to eviscerate her reputation by painting her as a corrupt aristocratic woman who satisfies her lusts by preying on noble young men (and, indeed, on her little brother Clodius!). Cf. his (somewhat milder) treatment of Atratinus earlier.] depello: repel, refute

32: pro: in proportion to, in comparison with, according to or as, conformably to, by virtue of, in accordance with praestans: outstanding, superior, excellent

prudentia: sagacity, good sense, intelligence, prudence, practical judgment, discretion [cf. 19.10; 53b.3] Cn. Domitius Calvinus (most likely): tribune in 59 (supported Bibulus); consul in 53; fought on Caesar’s side in the civil war; presided at L. Calpurnius Bestia’s first trial for ambitus (the occasion for Atratinus’ initiation of this case) rem nobis cum hac sola esse — repeats 31.4: res est omnis in hac causa nobis … cum Clodia (where omnis conveys much the same sense as sola here) [acc + inf. introduced by intelligis] quae — connecting rel. pron. se … commodasse — acc. + inf. with dicit [commodasse = commodavisse] non dicit — note the difference betw this expression (“if she does not in fact assert …”) and simple negat — cf. non arguit at 32.9 venenum … paratum esse — acc. + inf. with arguit ab hoc — i.e., Cael. sibi — dat. of ref. (i.e., against her) paro: [cf. 31.2] arguo: attempt to demonstrate a point against one’s opponent in court, to accuse, reprove, censure, charge with; allege 10

petulanter facimus — our conduct is grossly offensive [Austin] (cf. ad 6b.25) si matrem familias nominamus secus quam sanctitas matronarum postulat matrem familias — in highlighting the image of the traditional elite female head of a household, Cic. encourages the jury to draw an invidious comparison with Clodia, whose public reputation was very much at odds with this ideal. See Dyck 12-14 and M. B. Skinner, Clodia Metelli: The Tribune’s Sister secus (adv.): otherwise, differently sanctitas: sanctity, virtue, piety, integrity, honor, purity [sancio — to make sacred, render inviolable (and therefore dedicate it to the gods as something that is pure and worthy of honor)] nominamus — i.e., bandy her name about in public sin — if, on the other hand, … ista muliere remota — abl. abs. [note how quickly the tone changes here] nec crimen … nec opes — i.e., without Clodia’s backing, the prosecution would have no credible authority to support the charge against Cael. and would lack the various witnesses whose perjured testimony Clodia has provided opes — cf. 1.14 oppugnandum: the word order allows one to take this as a gerund (more forceful than the construction with the gerundive?) [ad + gerund/gerundive indicating purpose (A&G 506): “for attacking …”] illis — i.e., the prosecutors (note that Cic. doesn’t employ istis here) quid aliud est quod nos patroni facere debeamus quid aliud est — “what else is there …” quod … debeamus — rel. clause of characteristic patroni — pred. (emphasizes Cic.’s duty to come to the defense of his ward Cael., even if this leads him to engage in arguments that some might find offensive) [As usual in this speech, the pl. alludes mainly to Cic., although Crassus is easily understood here as well. In this instance it might be taken obliquely to include members of the jury as well: i.e., the jury themselves know what the duty of a patron sometimes entails. (Cf. ad nobis at 11.19)]

nisi ut … repellamus — consecutive clause employed to explicate a preceding pron. (quid) [G&L 557] [Note: the rhetorical question quid est aliud is the equivalent of the statement nihil aliud est: the latter is a type of expression that regularly introduces nisi quod, nisi ut, etc. (G&L 591b R. 3)] insector (1): pursue, hound; pursue with words, to censure, blame, rail at, inveigh against, speak ill of [cf. 16.5] repello — ward off 15

quod — connecting rel. pron. facerem … nisi intercederent — pres. contrary-to-fact condition vehementer: zealously, ardently, eagerly, vigorously intercedo: to be, exist, or come between persons inimicitiae — personal enmity, hostility (routinely pl. except when used as an abstract noun) viro — husband fratrem: Cic. corrects himself: “with her husband — I mean, her brother” (acc., as obj. of dico, rather than in apposition to viro: the latter would require the abl. and would imply the use of “air quotes”) [Austin argues, against the ms. tradition, that Cic’s. usage calls for the latter.] [Allegations of incest betw Clodia and her brother would seem to have been rampant, at least in Cic.’s circle: see Dyck ad loc. Catullus 79 is intriguing in this regard.] [So much for Cic.’s repeated promises to restrain himself in dealing with Clodia!] hic: adv. — here (i.e., on this point) nunc — as it is, under these conditions (i.e., given that my long-standing enmity with her brother might lead others to suspect me of an unfair bias) agam: “proceed,” “conduct myself,” “deal” (with her) longius progrediar — as in Engl., “I will not go farther” (i.e., I’ll limit the vehemence of my attack as much as my duty allows) fides: bonds of loyalty, duty coget — in such contexts, Engl. commonly employs a generalizing pres. tense nec enim — nor indeed muliebris … inimicitias — “a spat with a woman” [The use of an adj. in place of an obj. gen. is common (cf., e.g., metus hostilis — “fear of the enemy”). Here, however, there is a potential ambiguity that adds to the sense that this whole matter is unseemly and trivial: “womanish” quarrels.] [On inimicitiae see ad 32.16.] inimicitias mihi gerendas — sc. esse [pass. periphrastic in indir. disc.]

amicam omnium — sc. esse [acc. + inf. following putaverunt] inimicus — a personal enemy (vs. the more public/political hostis: 13.14) amicam omnium … cuiusquam inimicam — another invidious pun: amica is the mot-juste for a female lover who is a member of the demimonde (meretrix, adulteress) [note the chiasmus]

33: utrum … malit, an … — disjunctive indir. question me … agere — acc. + inf. with malit [ago — cf. 7.6; 32.17] secum — as usual, the refl. pron. in a subord. clause refers back to the subject of the vb. on which its clause depends (malit) — i.e., Clodia severus: serious, sober, grave, strict, austere, stern, severe

graviter: vehemently, violently, deeply, severely; harshly, unpleasantly, disagreeably [“in a solemn manner” (Austin)] priscus: old-fashioned, i.e. strict, severe (poet.) remissus: relaxed, not rigid, strict, or hard, both in a good and bad sense: mild, gentle, soft, indulgent, cheerful, good-humored, gay; slack, negligent, remiss [“light-hearted” (Austin)] urbanus: “sophisticated,” “suave” [For the above contrasting list of advs., cf., e.g., 13.22-25] si: sc. me secum agere mavult illo … more ac modo — i.e., that well-known manner associated the dour old Roman moralists [abl. of manner] austerus: severe, rigid, strict, stern, austere [Austin: bleak] [Grk: used of dry wines] aliquis mihi … excitandus est — pass. periphrastic 25

inferi: inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead ex barbatis — note the distinction betw ab (ab inferis) and ex here [“The Romans in early times wore the beard uncut, as we learn from the insult offered by the Gaul to M. Papirius (Liv. V.41), and from Cicero (Pro Cael. 14); and according to Varro (De Re Rust. II.11) and Pliny (VII.59), the Roman beards were not shaven till B.C. 300, when P. Ticinius Maenas brought over a barber from Sicily; and Pliny adds, that the first Roman who was shaved (rasus) every day was Scipio Africanus. His custom, however, was soon followed, and shaving became regular thing. The lower orders, then as now, were not always able to do the same, and hence the jeers of Martial (VII.95, XII.59). In the later times of the republic there were many who shaved the beard only partially, and trimmed it, so as to give it an ornamental form; to them the terms bene barbati (Cic. Catil. II.10) and barbatuli (Cic. ad Att. I.14, 16, Pro Cael. 14) are applied. When in mourning all the higher as well as the lower orders let their beards grow. “In the general way in Rome at this time, a long beard (barba promissa, Liv. XXVII.34) was considered a mark of slovenliness and squalor.” (W. Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s.v. Barba)] illis — “those well-known …” (as above) hac barbula — instr. abl., with barbatis understood [Could hac indicate that Cic. points at Clodius here? (Dyck, on the other hand, posits that Cael. might have sported such a beard, in which case Cic. once again is forming a strategic alliance with the members of the jury: cf. ad 11.19: nobis.) On the vivid manner in which these speeches were delivered, see Austin 141-43 and 173-75.] qua … delectatur — instr. abl. with delector ista — i.e., Clodia illa horrida — sc. barba (instr. abl. — parallel with hac barbula) horridus: shaggy, bristly; “unkempt” (Austin) imago: representation, likeness (usu. of a person), statue, bust, picture [Here likely of the death masks made of beeswax that were displayed in aristocratic atria, often noted for their hoary antiquity – a useful image for the orator to invoke in this work that plays so much with roles and acting. Some modern examples, made in the Roman fashion, are presented below.]

https://www.livescience.com/42334-lifelike-roman-wax-masks-recreated.html

qui obiurget … et … loquatur — rel. clause of purpose obiurgo: chide, scold, blame, rebuke, reprove 1

ne … suscenseat — final/fear clause forte — heightens the sarcastic tone suscenseo/succenseo: be angry, be indignant, be enraged, be provoked (+ dat.) exsisto: step out, come forth, emerge, appear [cf. 14.1-2; 31.3] [jussive subj.] hac ipsa familia — i.e., Clodia’s own family potissimum (adv.) — chiefly, principally, especially, in preference to all others, above all, in particular (aliquis ac potissimum — a focusing device: “someone or another, and in particular/most appropriately of all”) Caecus — Appius Claudius Caecus: 4th/3rd C. – sponsored the construction of the Via Appia and the Aqua Appia; prominent in the victory over Pyrrhus (279/8); first Roman prose author of whom we can speak; Austin describes him as the earliest clear-cut personality in Roman history Caecus ille — i.e., that famous, renowned … (ille) enim minimum dolorem capiet, qui istam non videbit dolor — vexation, annoyance (ille) qui — suppressed antecedent [Note the use of the ind. here. Cf. the contrast betw “I’ll pick the one who won’t see” and “… someone who wouldn’t/couldn’t see”] qui profecto — connecting rel. pron. profecto: [particle of affirmation, confirmation, declaration] si exstiterit — si + fut. pfct. ind. in virtual temporal clause sic aget (cum illa) — will deal with her as follows (cf. 7.5-6; 32.17)

quid … quid … quid — anaphora quid tibi (negoti est) — dat. of possession adulescentulus — note the dimin. [“fellow who is a mere lad/stripling”] or 32; Clodia was likely 38)

(Caelius would have been either 26

alienus — routinely of a man with whom a woman could not have an appropriate relationship (common in reference to adulterous liaisons) “one with whom you have no (legitimate/sanctioned) connection” [cf. 34.15]

cur aut … aut — note how “Caecus” repeats the gambit with which Cic. himself opened this section of the speech (31-32) familiaris: the principal ms. reads familiaris huic, which Austin and Dyck accept ut commodares, … ut timeres — consecutive clauses, introduced in each instance by tam non videras … audieras — “had you not …” (indignant question) patrem … patruum (etc.) + fuisse — acc. + inf. following vbs. of perception (videras … audieras) [Clodia’s father Appius Claudius Pulcher died in 76 BC, when she was approx. 18. (He was consul in 79.) Presumably the other male relatives cited here died before Clodia was old enough to know them.] patruus — paternal uncle non avum, non proavum, non abavum, non atavum — [Clark has inserted abavum, non on the assumption that the scribe’s eye has skipped ahead, overlooking abavum as it lighted on the very similar atavum. Others, in an attempt to make the passage somewhat less ponderous, read non avum, proavum, abavum, atavum. Others simply print the reading of the mss. (which must be emended to some degree, whichever of the above options one chooses).] consules — pred. with sum (the plural agrees with the final section of the list: patruum … atavum)

34: non denique … sciebas — brings to a climax the series of indignant questions begun at 33.4 10

modo — recently [Metellus had died some three years earlier] Q. Metellus: Clodia’s cousin; supported Cic. in 63 vs. Cat.; opposed Clodius’ proposal to be transferred to the plebs [he was likely less than 10 years older than Clodia] tenere matrimonium alicuius — to be married to someone teneo — hold fast, hold in one’s power, be master of; acquire, obtain, attain (of attaining to a certain status or office) [Austin notes the difficulty of deciding whether te is to be taken as the subject or the object of tenere, but, based on the word-order, regards the latter as more likely (= “that you had been bound in marriage to Metellus”). Austin’s reading conforms to Roman gendered norms in presenting Clodia as a woman “held” (like a vassal or subject) in marriage to Metellus. This is no doubt correct, but it is tempting to find an allusion to Clodia having attained to a position parallel to those of her celebrated ancestors (the office of being Metellus’ wife), one that allowed her to obtain an appropriate gloria muliebris as well as laus domestica: below, 34.18-19] clarus: brilliant, celebrated, renowned, illustrious, honorable, famous, glorious fortis: gallant, valiant, noble [cf. 14.27] viri — in apposition to Metelli amantissimus: altogether devoted to (+ obj. gen.) simul ac + plupfct. ind. — as soon as he had … [A&G 324c] pedem limine effero — i.e., enter public life (by leaving behind the domestic world of women, children, and slaves upon donning the toga virilis) limine — abl. of separation omnis … civis — acc. pl. virtute, gloria, dignitate — abl. of respect virtus — valor dignitas: worthiness, merit, desert; dignity, greatness, grandeur, authority, rank

cum … nupsisses — with both temporal and causal force (“given that you had …”) amplus: (of external splendor) great, handsome, magnificent, splendid, glorious genus: family, line coniunctus: intimate, familiar, “chummy” 15

cognatus, adfinis, … familiaris — sc. erat [joined by asyndeton] adfinis: relative by marriage eorum — partitive gen. [nihil eorum — “none of these was the case”] quid fuit — impersonal (i.e., what word are we to use to describe your behavior?) temeritas: rashness, heedlessness, thoughtlessness, hastiness, want of consideration, indiscretion, foolhardiness [with libido: wanton passion/desire (hendiadys)] si nostrae imagines viriles (te) non commovebant, nonne progenies mea te admonebat imagines — cf. ad 33.26-27 [nostrae imagines viriles: “the images of us men” (poss. adj. standing in for an obj. gen.]) viriles — [i.e., phps., as a woman, Clodia might have felt that the achievements and virtues of her male ancestors were beyond her or somehow not relevant to her, but she had plenty of renowned female ancestors who should have provided her with a model] commoveo — move in mind or feeling, to make an impression upon, inspire [this takes te in 16 as its object, although the latter goes primarily with admonebat in 19] ne … quidem — cf. ad 1.16-17 (picks up and reinforces the force of the opening nonne) progenies: descent, lineage; descendants, posterity, offspring, progeny; a child — descendant Q. Claudia: priestess who oversaw the introduction of Cybele to Rome (Magna Mater — 204 BC) (granddaughter of Caecus?) — note the connection once again with the Megalesia illa — once again highlights this woman’s renown [She is so famous that Cic. doesn’t feel the need to tell us anything specific about her] nonne Q. Clodia te admonebat aemulam domesticae laudis esse in gloria muliebri te … aemulam … esse — introduced by admoneo aemulus: striving after another earnestly, emulating, rivalling, emulous; keen to compete with others; desirous to join a competition for as substantive — a rival domesticus: of or belonging to one’s family; domestic, familiar, household domesticae laudis — obj. gen. with aemulam (suggests private rather than public renown, as is fitting for the traditional Roman matrona) [“a rival in seeking the praise of your family”] in gloria muliebri — in the area/realm of womanly renown [i.e., the type of renown appropriate for a woman: e.g., by holding a distinguished religious office appropriate to a woman or courageously displaying her devotion to her family] admoneo: prompt, bring up to one’s mind, to put one in mind of (in a friendly manner), to remind, suggest, advise, warn, admonish (by influencing more directly the reason and judgment) non virgo illa Vestalis — another famous examplar from among Clodia’s ancestors [asyndeton] virgo Vestalis Claudia: daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher (cos. 143)

patrem complexa triumphantem — “embracing her father while the latter was in the midst of celebrating a triumph” [When Claudia embraced her father, her status as Vestal Virgin prevented the tribune from physically intervening and dragging her father from the chariot]

complector — [as often, the pfct. participle of this dep. vb. likely had the force of a pres. ptcple.] non passa est patrem de curru detrahi ab inimico tribuno plebei plebs — gen. = plebis / plebĕi fraterna vitia potius quam bona paterna … — the vices of your brother rather than the noble deeds of your various ancestors bona: virtues; noble actions (Englert); achievements paterna et avita et usque a nobis cum in viris tum etiam in feminis repetita — draws the audience’s mind back in time, tracing Clodia’s ancestral line paterna et avita — of your father and your grandfather et usque a nobis … repetita — “and (those deeds) displayed repeatedly all the way from my time” [nobis — poetic pl.] repeto — take hold of or undertake again; to enter upon again; to recommence, resume, renew, repeat an action, a speech, etc. (cf.: renovo, restauro) [“copied, emulated”] cum … tum etiam — both … and even … cum in viris tum etiam in feminis — both among your male ancestors and even among the women moveo — stir, inspire (cf. 34.17) ideone — “was it for this …?!” ego … tu … — emphatic/indignant Pyrrhi — subjective gen. (“offered by Pyrrhus”) dirimo: break off, interrupt, to disturb, put off, delay; destroy, frustrate, bring to naught [Caecus prevented the Romans from submitting to a humiliating peace treaty with Pyrrhus] ut … ferires — final clause introduced by ideo [the construction is repeated twice more below] 25

ferio: strike; give the death blow; foedus ferire — to make a compact, covenant, or treaty (via a bloodsacrifice — a similar expression is employed in Hebrew) (cf. Gk. spondē) [Note the invocation of public (male) business as we are presented with Clodia’s inappropriate (debauched) intrusion into the world of men. Rather than treaties with foreign nations, she makes licentious “arrangements” with her lovers.] [There might be an echo here of the contracts by which courtesans hired out there services. See E. E. Cohen, Athenian Prostitution: The Business of Sex, chap. 4] [Cf. 36.5] amorum turpissimorum — the most disgusting illicit love affairs (defining gen.) cotidie — daily, on a daily basis [heightens the sense of Clodia’s debauchery] aquam adduxi — i.e., provided Rome with a water-supply by building the Aqua Appia ut ea tu inceste uterere — final clause [Much ink has been spilled over this statement. The use of water for unchaste purposes suggests either a brothel (where women could be assumed to need to wash up frequently) or (more likely) a bathhouse (often presented as sites for illicit affairs and liaisons with prostitutes)]

via: the Via Appia, that led from Rome to Brundisium; the first road laid down according to scientific principles — regina viarum (Statius)

http://www.romanhomes.com/vacation_rentals/images/villa-appia-antica/appian-way-route-m1.jpg

munio: t.t. for building a road alienis — see ad 33.6 comitor: accompany, attend, follow (+ instr. abl.) [“in the company of …”] celebro: go to a place or person in great numbers or often, throng, frequent; “parade along” (with the notion of a wanton public display)

35: quid — why? gravis: heavy, burdensome, oppressive, troublesome, grievous, painful, hard, harsh, severe, disagreeable, unpleasant induco: introduce, bring onto the stage (activates the sense of persona as “character”) [cf. 30b.17] [This adds to the numerous theatrical allusions in this speech but also points to its mode of delivery: as in his mocking echo of Ennius’ Medea in 18, the orator himself has been assuming a role and briefly playing a part.] 1

ut verear: consecutive clause introduced by ita [Note the force of this result clause, which can be taken to introduce an expected, as opposed to an actual, result: “as to fear …”.] [note: this is in primary sequence — take induxi as a true pfct.] ne Appius se convertat et Caelium accusare incipiat — fear clause se convertat — suggests the layout of the courtroom (the shade of Caecus has to turn in a different direction to face Caelius) illa sua gravitate — abl. of manner (note once again the force of ille: “that well-known/famous …”) gravitas: weight, dignity, importance, seriousness, sternness, gravity; (of disease) severity, vehemence, violence censorius — characteristic of the austerity associated with the office of censor (cf. ad 6b.23: notet): humorous in this context, in that Caecus actually was a censor (translate as “censorial” rather than “censorious” — “that so suited him in his office as censor”) [cf. 25.10 (re Herennius’ speech)]

videro hoc posterius: “I will look to/attend to this (matter/issue) later (in my presentation)” [On the idiomatic use of the fut. pfct., see Austin: “the time will come for me to attend to it (and you will find that I have not forgotten it).” Dyck notes that the idiom “implies certainty of fulfillment.”] ut … confidam — consecutive clause introduced by ita vel — even disceptator: umpire, arbitrator, judge [dat. of ind. obj. or person judging (A&G 378.1)] me vitam M. Caeli probaturum esse — acc. + inf. introduced by confidam vitam — i.e., manner of living

[cf. the similar use of aetas earlier: 5.10; 9.19]

probo: demonstrate the propriety of someone/thing; represent or show a thing to be good, serviceable, fit, right, etc.; to make acceptable, recommend — with aliquid alicui: to convince someone of something; defend, vindicate someone/thing in the eyes of someone, prove (in the face of skepticism) [cf. line 7 below as well as 5.28; 6b.23] tu — emphatic: shifts the focus back to Clodia herself as Cic. turns to address her. [In the end, this must be taken with reddas atque exponas in lines 8-9 and, more obliquely, with cogitas in the conditional clause of lines 6-7: the main vb. is provided by necesse est — a mild anacoluthon] 5

ipse — i.e., in my own person/voice [contrast 33.1] nulla persona introducta — abl. abs. (for the expression, cf. 35.28) si cogitas probare ea quae … quae … quae … quae … quae …, necesse est reddas atque exponas rationem tantae … tantae … tantae … insimulo: make a plausible charge (true or false) against a person before a tribunal; to make suspected, charge, accuse, blame, esp. falsely; to invent a charge or bear false witness against (“allege,” “insinuate”) molior (4) — contrive arguo — allege, charge [quae facis … arguis — Austin translates: “your actions, your statements, your charges, your machinations, your allegations,” which builds to a nice climax. Given the position of inimulas and arguis in this list, however, it is not an effect for which Cic. himself seems to strive: cf. the similar challenge at 31.24-25] probare — see above ad 35.4 (demonstrate that something is acceptable/credible: “win our acceptance/approval of,” “substantiate”) cogito: have thoughts, intend — vs. puto (have an opinion) [Austin] ratio: account, explanation familiaritas: familiarity, intimacy, familiar dealings, friendship, intimate acquaintance consuetudo: social intercourse, companionship, familiarity, friendship, conversation — partic., intercourse in love, in an honorable, and more freq. in a dishonorable sense, a love affair, an amour, love intrique, illicit intercourse; association coniunctio: connection by friendship, friendship, intimacy reddas atque exponas — jussive noun clauses following necesse est (omission of ut — parataxis) [rationem reddere atque exponere — “to present a full account/explanation”)] reddo — t.t. of rendering one’s accounts expono: set forth, exhibit, display, relate, explain, expound

libidines, amores, adulteria, Baias, actas, convivia, comissationes, cantus, symphonias, navigia: for the generic nature of this list, cf. below ad 49.8 (actis, navigatione, conviviis); Austin cfs. Seneca, Epist. 51.4 and 12; Suetonius, Nero 27.

libidines: lustful/randy doings [“orgies” (Austin)] amores — [in this context: illicit love-affairs with members of the demimonde] adulterium — an illicit sexual liaison with the wife, daughter, mother, etc. of a respectable male Roman citizen (i.e., with a woman of whom that individual was the tutor) Baiae: (parties at) Baiae (notorious for its luxuries and its decadent pleasures — the Riviera of antiquity) actas — villas on the beach, beach parties (cf. Cic. Verr. 2.5.63) comissationes — Grk. komoi (drunken carouses in public). Verres appears attired for such a carouse at Cic. Verr. 2.5.86 tam diu in imperio suo classem iste praetor diligens vidit quam diu convivium eius flagitiosissimum praetervecta est; ipse autem, qui visus multis diebus non esset, tum se tamen in conspectum nautis paulisper dedit. stetit soleatus praetor populi Romani cum pallio purpureo tunicaque talari muliercula nixus in litore.

cantus: song, singing (here: of professional singers hired to inspire the mood) symphonias — musical accompaniment [cantus and symphoniae were associated with the comissationes of the very rich and decadent. Cf. e.g., Cic. Verr. 2.5.31: ac per eos dies, cum iste cum pallio purpureo talarique tunica versaretur in conviviis muliebribus, non offendebantur homines neque moleste ferebant abesse a foro magistratum, non ius dici, non iudicia fieri; locum illum litoris percrepare totum mulierum vocibus cantuque symphoniae, in foro silentium esse summum causarum atque iuris, non ferebant homines moleste.

and 2.5.92: affertur nocte intempesta gravis huiusce mali nuntius Syracusas; curritur ad praetorium, quo istum ex illo praeclaro convivio reduxerant paulo ante mulieres cum cantu atque symphonia.]

navigia: pleasure-boats iacto: to toss about (charges/allegations) (cf. 6.25) īdemque — the prosecution (accusatores in 35.9) se nihil dicere — acc. + inf. with significant te invita — abl. abs. (with you unwilling, against your will: “against your liking”) quae — connecting rel. pron. (n. pl. acc.) picking up the items of the preceding list (“these allegations”) [quae here provides the direct obj. of diluas … ac … doceas in line 14 but is also to be taken as the acc. subject of deferri] quoniam tu voluisti (ea) in forum iudiciumque deferri mente nescio qua effrenata atque praecipiti — abl. of manner (“in some sort of wildly impetuous and rash state of mind,” “so madly”) effrenatus: unbridled; ungoverned, unrestrained, unruly, wild, frantic, impetuous praeceps: headlong, hasty, rash, precipitate defero: tender; bring or give an account of; report, announce; make public; indict, impeach, accuse [i.e., formally submit before a court] in forum … iudiciumque — i.e., in a public setting and before an actual court of law [note the force of the latter phrase, which is tacked on unexpectedly] voluisti — [Cic. implicates Clodia in all of the vicious slanders alleged against Cael. For her willingly to allow herself to be presented in such a light would be the height of folly] aut diluas … ac … doceas aut … fateare — jussive noun clauses following oportet (parataxis)

diluo: dissolve, dilute, wash away, weaken, lessen, impair; to do away with, refute ac (ea) falsa esse doceas — expands upon and clarifies diluas doceo: teach, instruct, inform, show, demonstrate nihil … credendum esse — impers. pass. periphrastic in indir. disc. (introduce by fateare) [“that no trust is to be placed …”] [nihil is actually a cognate/limiting acc. (“in no respect”) — stronger than mere non] 15

neque crimini tuo neque testimonio — either in the charges you have laid or the testimony you have provided [tuo stands in place of a subjective gen.] [neque … neque … reinforces the preceding nihil rather than cancelling it out] fateare = fatearis [Austin notes that that Cic.’s repeated branding of Clodia as a meretrix might have had a more pointed goal than mere abuse: the later Julian law de vi publica et privata expressly banned the introduction of any testimony from a woman who openly made a living by selling her body.]

36: sin autem — if, on the other hand, … urbanus — polished, refined, cultivated, courteous, affable, urbane [suave] me agere mavis — returns to 33.22-24 sic — as follows senem durum — i.e., Caecus durus — hard, harsh; rough, rude, unfeeling, uncultivated agrestis: rustic, in opp. to the refined citizen (urbanus), boorish, clownish, uncouth, rude, uncultivated, coarse, wild, savage, barbarous [cf. 54.2-4] [“almost downright uncouth”] ex his igitur sumam — i.e., from those of your relatives who are seated right here (as opposed to the long-dead barbatis of 33.25). Dyck reads ex his igitur tuis sumam, which is phps. correct. [The received text requires us to place a good deal of significance on the gesture that is implied by the demonstrative pron. (Cf. ad 33.25: hac.) In either case, Cic. humorously brings Clodia’s relatives on stage by singling them out.] sumo — select; don, put on (of adopting a different character/persona) ac potissimum — cf. 33.2 minimum — youngest, “baby” [i.e., Clodius] [juxtaposed with potissimum to produce a humorously condescending jingle] in isto genere — [Austin: “in that respect” (sometimes modified by a definining gen.), “in that type of thing”] [cf. 36.19; 46.4-5] [in isto genere = in obiurgando (Dyck)] qui te amat … cubitabat — we return to the charge of incest betw Clodia and Clodius (cf. ad 32.16-17), in an account of the tender relationship betw Clodia and her baby brother plurimum — in the highest degree, devotedly 20

nescio quam … timiditatem — some sort of timorousness, faintheartedness, anxiety credo: I guess, I’m thinking, I suppose (ironical) quosdam inanes metus nocturnos — certain vain/idle nightly terrors (i.e., some kind of childish nightmares) pusio — pred. (“as/while a little fellow”) [a colloquialism] cum maiore sorore — picks up and repeats tecum, providing a seemingly touching explanation of why the young Clodius turned in particular to Clodia for comfort

cubito: frequentative (reinforced by the use of the impf. — “always used to sleep”) putato: fut. imperative — here with mock solemn force: http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/latin/RLsheets/5Gfutimperative.pdf [Dyck 18] quid — why? tumultuor: make a bustle or disturbance, to be in great agitation or confusion, be in an uproar, raise a tumult; storm, rant; make a fuss (“why all the to-do/ruckus?) insanio: act like a madman, to rage, rave (but also with overtones of acting against one’s own interests: cf. the similar reproach presented to Verres by his relatives in regard to Verres’ attempt to appropriate some valuable cups — Cic. Verr. 2.4.41.7) (“why this foolishness?”) quīd clᾰmōr(em) ēx|ōrsᾰ vērbīs || pārvᾰ(m) rēm māg|nām fᾰcīs? [Meter: trochaic septenarius (a type of verse that would have been chanted or intoned to musical accompaniment); author unknown. Just how Cic. would have presented such lines is uncertain but they call for a performative presentation of some sort.] exordior: begin a web, to lay the warp, to weave; begin, commence (“raise”) verbis: instr. abl. — can be taken with exorsa or facis (but rhythm and word order favor the former) rem parvam magnam facis [facio takes both a dir. obj. and a pred. acc. — A&G 393] 25

adulescentulum — again we are presented with the dimin. candor … et proceritas, vultus oculique — the list tumbles out, giving a sense of Clodia’s infatuation as she is overcome by this handsome youth’s features candor — his fair complexion proceritas: height [“fine upstanding figure” (Austin)] pepulerunt — [the same metaphor is employed, e.g., in the Engl. “smitten”] [the effect is heightened by the pfct. aspexisti in line 25, which implies lust at first sight] videre — sc. eum non numquam — sometimes (ironical — implies that Clodia arranged to bump into Cael.) in isdem hortis — (i.e., at the same time) vis habere illum devinctum tuis copiis nobilis mulier — pred. [“as a woman of noble rank (with means at your disposal)”: cf. ad 31.5]

filium familias — son and heir of a respectable family [familias — archaic gen.: cf. paterfamilias] patre parco ac tenaci — abl. of description (“with a father who was …”) [parco ac tenaci are pred.] parcus — thrifty tenax: sparing, stingy, close-fisted aliquem habere devinctum — [habeo = hold/maintain/keep someone/something in a certain condition] [devincio — bind (emotionally)] copiae: wealth, riches [instr. abl.] calcitro: strike with the heels, to kick; buck, resist; to be stubborn or refractory respuo: spit back; spurn, reject, repel, refuse; to dislike, disapprove, not accept repello: drive, crowd, or thrust back; to reject, repulse, repel

tanti — gen. of value: of so much worth (complement with sum) [“worth the price” — A&G 417] confer + refl. — betake oneself, direct oneself [here: “try another tack”; “direct your attentions elsewhere”] alio (adv.) — elsewhere ad Tiberim ac … paratos — pred. ad Tiberim — on the Tiber, overlooking the Tiber diligenter … paratos — carefully/deliberately arranged/set [It is likely that something has been omitted here. Austin argues that atque eos / atque eos quidem would read more naturally, noting that a masc. acc. pl. adj. following ad Tiberim would achieve the same effect. Dyck (who accepts the alternate reading parasti) suggests ad Tiberim quos curiose ac diligenter eo loco parasti [= paravisti].] [Clodia is presented as having selected a garden where she could watch the naked young men swimming and select her next “conquest”] eo loco — abl. of location quo — (to) where [picking up eo loco] iuventus — a collective noun 5

natandi — gerund [gen. of the gerund with causa indicating purpose: A&G 504b] hinc — i.e., from her garden legas — jussive subj. joined with licet without ut (parataxis) condicio: agreement, stipulation, condition, compact, proposition, terms, demand; marriage, match, union; love affair [here in concrete sense: lover] [Note the echo of 34.24-25] cotidie — cf. 34.25 lego — choose, select molestus: troublesome, irksome, grievous, annoying [cf. 18.3]

37: [Much of the ground for this section is laid in section 25, where Cic. mocks the harshly censorious tone in which Herennius denounced Cael.’s immoral behavior. Herennius’ speech seems to have been quite compelling on this point (25.13-15): thus Cic. here turns Herennius’ performance on its head by reducing it to a humorous scene from Roman comedy. (Section 29 provides a further rebuttal.)] redeo — Austin notes that this vb., like revertor (6.12) is employed of passing to a related topic mihi — “for myself,” “upon myself” auctoritatem … severitatemque — hendiadys suscipio — assume, adopt, take on (again, with the implication of assuming a role) dubito — be in doubt [Cic. employs the same gambit as at 33.22-24, once again encouraging the jury to enjoy his performance as well as his dexterity as an orator] quem patrem … sumam — indir. question reporting a delib. subj.

[sumo — cf. ad 36.18]

potissimum (adv.) — in particular Caecilianumne aliquem — “whether one portrayed by Caecilius” [acc. in apposition to quem patrem, with -ne continuing the interrogative tone: parataxis] [Caecilus: writer of Roman comedy (d. ca. 166 BC); known for his grouchy old male characters? (Cf. ad 37.14: scelestus)] 10

vehementem atque durum — pred.

vehemens — furious núnc eni(m) démum m(i) ánimus árdet, núnc me͜um cór cumulátur íra [Meter: trochaic octonarius. Again, this line would have been chanted or intoned in the original performance.] enim — asseverative (“indeed”) [a common usage in Roman comedy] [Dyck follows Monda in taking enim as a Ciceronian insertion but cf., e.g., Caecilius 119-20; Plautus Epid. 648; etc.] mi = mihi — sympathetic dat. (“my spirit/heart/mind”) cumulo: form into a heap, to accumulate, heap, or pile up; augment by heaping up, to increase, heap, amass, accumulate; make full by heaping up, to fill full, fill, overload ira — instr. abl. aut illum — or that other well-known father from one of Caecilius’ plays: [Just how the original passage cited here is to be reconstructed has been a matter of doubt, as has the location of the comment inserted by the Cic. midway through. The lines have an iambic feel to them and are most readily constructed as follows (two iambic senarii preceded by an incomplete senarius — a spoken verseform): o͜ infélix, ó sceléstĕ! egón quid dícam, quíd velím? quae t(u) ómniá tu͜is foédis fáctis fácis ut néquiquám velím, Other reconstructions have been proposed that seek to incorporate the first interjection into the following two lines or otherwise emend the line beginning egone. None of these proposals alters the basic sense, but they do risk undermining the logic of the passage: cf. below ad 37.14 (scelestus). infelix — unfortunate, unhappy, unlucky; wretched, miserable scelestus: [this is commonly employed as a term of abuse (“wicked”) but in comedy is also found in the sympathetic sense of “unlucky,” “wretched.” Austin follows Watt in positing that this line cites a more sympathetic father (in contrast to the pater durus of 37.11-12), thus anticipating the contrast betw the father at 37.16-17, 21-24 and that of 38.5-6. If this interpretation is accepted, one must read an for aut at 37.13. (Dyck rejects this reading.) If one follows Austin, isti must be prospective: “the following (types of) fathers.”] [For scelestus, cf. archaic Engl. “wretch” (“miserable,” “unhappy,” or “unfortunate” person vs. “vile,” “contemptable” individual) and mod. English “bastard” (often employed in a sympathetic fashion: “you poor bastard”)] 15

ferreus — made of iron, unfeeling, hard-hearted (complement with sum) [Some transpose this comment to precede the words vix ferendi (below), but Dyck notes that it is Cic.’s manner to break up quotations with comments or additions of his own: cf. 18.1 and 3, a passage that also illustrates Cic.’s use of line fragments.] isti — introduces a humorously deprecatory tone egone quid — note the collocation of two interrogative terms [The final -e of the enclitic -ne is often dropped in comedy. It has likely been inserted here by a scribe who was unfamiliar with comic verse.] dicam … velim — deliberative subj. quid velim — [The mss. offer egone quid velim, which some edd. preserve.] quae — connecting rel. (the antecedent remains unclear in the absence of context: quae … omnia — “all of which”) [Dyck supports the emendation nae (asseverative particle)] factis — instr. abl.

[factum — act, deed, crime]

facio ut + subj. — bring it about that/see to it that (+ consecutive clause) velim — take quae omnia as obj. ferendi — pred. (with patres) [has the force of a pass. periphrastic but ferendi is pred. (parallel to ferrei)] diceret — apodosis of an assumed pres. contrary-to-fact condition (“[if he were now here,] he would say”) [Cf. below ad 38.7 (esset).] te … contulisti — cf. 36.3 vicinitas: neighborhood, proximity, vicinity, district [vicinitas meretricia — prostitutes’ hang-out, whores’ lair, red-light district] [Having the comic old man refer to the Palatine Hill in such dismissive, vulgar terms gives an indication of just how conservative and unreasonable he is — i.e., it’s funny. It also serves to further undercut the prosecution’s lengthy indictment of Caelius’ character — they, in effect, are assimilated to the unreasonable old men of Roman comedy] 20

illecebra: enticement, in a good or bad sense; an inducement, attraction, charm, allurement, bait, lure (commonly used of prostitutes in comedy) [cf. 12.6-7] [abl. abs.] cúr alién(am) ullám mulíerem nósti? díd(e) ac dísicé; pér me tíbi licét. S(i )egébis, tíbi dolébit, nón mihí. míhi sat ést qu(i) aetátis quód relícuom (e)st óblectém meaé [Meter: trochaic septenarii. In the original production, these lines would have been chanted or intoned to musical accompaniment.] alienus — cf. ad 33.6; 34.26 nosti = novisti [cf. ad 10.11] dido (3): give out, spread abroad, disseminate, distribute (dispense, scatter, make free with) [sc. nummos, pecuniam, or the like] disicio / dissicio: throw asunder; to drive asunder; dash to pieces, lay in ruins, destroy; to frustrate, thwart, bring to naught (squander) per me — as far as concerns me licet — sc. didere, disicere egeo — be in need, suffer from poverty [The use of the fut. ind. in the protasis of a fut. vivid condition is idiomatic; Engl. prefers a generalizing pres. (“if you fall into debt”)] doleo — impers. (+ dat.) [tibi … non mihi — added by modern editors to yield a trochaic septenarius. Other edd. print this line, without the modern insertions, as a prose paraphrase inserted by Cic. (Cf. ad 37.15.)] mihi sat est— I have enough (dat. of possession) [sc. pecuniae (gen.)] qui oblectem id quod relicuum est aetatis meae qui oblectem — rel. clause of characteristic qui (archaic instr. abl.): wherewith, whereby oblecto: delight, please, divert, entertain, amuse; spend or pass time agreeably (id) quod — suppressed antecedent [“that which is left/whatever is left” — the generic neut. will be defined by aetatis]

relicuom = reliquum (adj.: left, remaining) aetatis … meae — partitive gen.

38: 25

derectus: straight/not curved; direct/absolute; simple; forthright/undisguised; blunt responderet — apodosis of a pres. contrary-to-fact condition (corresponding to diceret in 37.18) se … decessisse — acc. + inf. introduced by responderet [Nulla in this sentence negates the entire statement (= non … ulla). I.e., Cael. is not imagined to deny that it was lust that drove him astray but that he went astray at all.] cupiditas: passionate desire, lust, passion [causal abl. with inductum] inductum — pred. (circumstantial ptcple.) [induco — mislead, seduce] de via — here and later Cic. will use via and similar terms as a metaphor for the path of virtue (as in Engl.) signi — partitive gen. with generic neut. pron. (“What indication do I have for this?”) nulli sumptus, nulla iactura, nulla versura — cf. 17.7-10 [anaphora with asyndeton] iactura — loss, expense, cost (“throwing overboard”); squandering, wasting (of one’s patrimony); profligacy versura — borrowing of money from one person to pay a debt to another (a sign of financial distress or profligacy) [cf. 17.9] fama — gossip quotus — one of how many? (adjectival counterpart of quot); employed in connection with quisque (also as one word, quotusquisque) to designate a small number: “how few”; it may also be rendered into English by “how many” (in Cic. only in nom. and in principal clause) [cf. the use of the superlative with quisque] (“Just how many are able …”)

maledicus: given to gossip or slander miraris vicinum eius mulieris male audisse? miraris — note the use of the 2nd sg. (see ad 11.18) male audio — to have a bad reputation, be subject to gossip [audisse = audivisse: transl. this and potuit (below) as true pfcts.] germanus: of brothers and sisters who have the same parents, or at least the same father; full, own sermones — talk, gossip; “chatter” iniquus: inimical, hostile, adverse; as substantive — an enemy, foe [subjective gen.] leni et clementi patre — abl. abs. [“in the case of a …”: the equivalent of a conditional clause] The mss. offer patri: Austin originally supported patre, citing the need to avoid a shift in subject with defenderet. [Austin’s objection points indirectly to the real difficulty: dat. patri is most readily taken to suggest that the case is straightforward for such a father to present.] The abl. abs., on this reading, implies a condition: “given a gentle and indulgent father,” “in the case of …” In his 3rd edition Austin defends the ms. reading as a dat. of judging (A&G 378: cf. Englert ad loc.) that entails a modest ellipsis but nicely answers huic tristi ac derecto seni in 38.25. lēnis — gentle, easy, calm clemens: quiet, mild, gentle, tranquil, indulgent cuius modi — rel. clause presenting a gen. of description (with suppressed antecedent: illius modi cuius): “of which sort …,” “of the type …” (talis … qualis … is much flatter)

ille — again, this demons. is employed to introduce a character who is supposedly familiar to one and all 5

forés ecfrégit, réstituéntur; díscidít vestém, resárciétur [Meter: iambic senarii. From Terence’s Brothers (120-21) where we find an enlightened father named Micio who adopts a “boys will be boys” attitude even upon learning that his son has broken into a pimp’s establishment and made off with one of the women. Offers a polar opposite to the dour senes from Caecilius: Terence’s Micio is equally extreme in his open-minded leniency. Once again Cicero offers a comic take on the charges against Caelius] effringo — break open discindo — rend, tear Caeli causa — i.e., the case in defense of Cael. expeditus: unimpeded, unencumbered, disengaged, free, easy, ready, at hand; straightforward quid enim esset — esset is best taken, once again, as part of an implied pres. contrary-to-fact condition (“[if such a father were now confronting Caelius], what matter would/could there be …”): cf. ad 37.18, 38.25. [Englert and Ciraolo class this as a potential subj. but that is imprecise. Although the true (independent) potential subj. (i.e., not the potential subj. employed in a condition) is often used in questions, it regularly refers to a past action (yielding the sense “what might/could there have been …,” which is not what is needed here). Cf. Woodcock 121 who notes that, “[t]he range of expressions in which the imperfect potential [subjunctive] is used without a condition being expressed or implied is very limited” (emphasis mine). Contrast the use of the impf. subj. at 54.26-4. in quo — in regard to which defenderet — impf. subj. by attraction to esset, or rel clause of characteristic: in either instance, it has a contrary to fact force due to esset, on which it depends in istam mulierem — i.e., against that woman (Clodia) in particular si esset … si viveret, … putarem — pres. contrary-to-fact condition with dual protasis [Austin contrasts section 50, where Cic. employs a fut.-less-vivid construction.] aliqua — sc. mulier dissimilis + gen. quae … pervolgaret, quae haberet …, cuius … commearent, quae … aleret et sustentaret — series of rel. clauses modifying aliqua (subj. by attraction to the esset, on which they depend, or rel. clause of characteristic) pervulgo: communicate to the people, to make publicly known, to publish, spread abroad; one’s self common, to prostitute one’s self

with se — make

habeo aliquem decretum — to have someone appointed, picked out [habeo takes both a dir. obj. and a pred. acc. — A&G 393] (cf. 36.5) decerno: decide, determine on doing something; to determine, resolve on something; to appoint someone [decretus — “ready to assume his new duties”!] palam … semper — these advs. merely enhance the sense of Clodia’s debauchery (cf. cotidie at 34.25 and 36.5) cuius in hortos … — whose gardens, … Baias — i.e., villa in Baiae

ius: legal right, power, authority, permission [iure: justly, by right] [suo iure — i.e., freely, as something that was fully within their power/right/authority; at their own whim] [A&G 418a] libidines omnium — i.e., an undifferentiated mob of lecherous and immoral men (abstract for concrete) (but the use of the abstract noun highlights the main purpose of their “visits”!) commeo: go, come, travel somewhere repeatedly or frequently; to visit a place often, to frequent alo: feed, to nourish, support, sustain, maintain, foster [“maintained a stable of young men”!] adulescentis — acc. pl. parsimoniam patrum — cf. 36.1 suis sumptibus — instr. abl. sustineo: sustain, support, maintain, by food, money, or other means; bear the weight of — i.e., make up for, underwrite libere: freely; frankly; shamelessly (i.e., wildly, in an unrestrained manner, wantonly — without the guiding hand of a father or husband) [note the sexist double standard here: liber of a male is, generally speaking, a hallmark of the adult, free Roman citizen] protervus: violent, vehement; forward, bold, pert, wanton, shameless, impudent petulans: forward, bold, pert, wanton, shameless, impudent, lascivious [prop. part. of the obsol. petulo, from peto — falling upon or assailing in jest] effuse — lavishly, extravagantly libidinosa — sluttish meretricio more — abl. of manner putarem (eum) adulterum (esse) — the apodosis of the this lengthy and complex contrary-to-fact condition 15

adulter: not “adulterer” per se but someone whose abandoned lust leads him to have illicit intercourse with any freeborn woman (the wife, daughter, mother of a Roman citizen), thereby ruining her prospects for marriage or calling into question the status of any children she might have and bringing disgrace on her family (esp. her husband/father) [cf. ad 6b.16: pudicitia] si quis — in place of the expected rel. clause: “would I consider (him to be) an adulterer if someone …” [Engl. would place the indef. pron. in the main clause: “would I consider anyone to be an adulterer if he …”] quis = aliquis (after si, non, nisi, ne) paulo — abl. of degree of difference liberius — too openly, too boldly, in too unrestrained a manner si salutasset — adds still another protasis to this complex condition: here, past contrary-to-fact [salutasset = salutavisset] saluto: greet, wish health, pay respects, salute, hail (i.e., visit, wait upon) [cf. salutatio]

39: [sections 39-50: Austin opposes the view that this passage is so dreary that much of it was likely not actually delivered, or was a later addition to the published speech (!). Dyck sees the influence of comedy in the argument for indulgence at 39-43.] dicet: more vivid and immediate than the potential subj. [Note how Cic. once again assumes a role here: cf. below ad puerum in 39.18] haec: indef. subject of est (anticipates the gender of the complement disciplina)

disciplina: instruction, tuition, teaching, training, education (i.e., your method of education) [the manner in which you train up young men] instituo: institute, found, establish, organize; teach, instruct, train up, educate hunc — Cael. puerum — pred. [contrast 9.21-27: the term is employed here in a highly sarcastic vein to undercut the force of the fictitious speaker’s criticism] ut … conlocaret, ut … defenderes — final clauses introduced by ob hanc causam amore — i.e., illicit/shameful love-affairs [with voluptatibus (“licentiousness”) — lascivious love-affairs (hendiadys)] 20

conloco: place together, to arrange, to station, lay, put, place, set, set up, erect; give in marriage; (of time) invest, employ, occupy, spend vita — way of life studia — pursuits ego — we do not get to the main clause until 39.4. The intervening seven lines are filled by a rather breathless conditional clause si quis = si aliquis robore … indole — abl. of description robor: oak; i.e., hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power indoles: inborn or native quality, natural quality, nature; native quality, natural abilities of men, talents, genius, disposition [hac indole virtutis ac continentiae: of such a naturally virtuous and temperate disposition] virtutis ac continentiae — adjectival use of the gen. (Woodcook 69-70) continentia: restraint, abstemiousness, continence, temperance, moderation fuit — not subjunctive (“if anyone ever in fact was”) ut respueret … conficeret — consecutive clause introduced by hoc … hac … in 39.21-22 omnem … cursum — cf. via in 38.26 corporis … animi — subjective gen. contentio: exertion conficio: complete, finish, end, spend, pass

quem … delectaret, (qui) … putaret — rel. clause of characteristic remissio: slackening, relaxing, abating, diminishing, remitting; remission, relaxation, abatement; relaxation, recreation studia: pursuits, pastimes, amusements ludi: likely “pleasant pastimes (i.e., diversions that had no practical application: cf. 42.4 and 14; 46.3) vs. (as in Catullus) love-games, affairs (but cf. 28.16) delecto aliquem — i.e., have any allure/attraction for someone convivium delectaret: an alternate tradition (followed by Dyck) reads the plural convivia here, and most mss. read delectarent. The sg. convivium has good authority however: the sg. delectaret is then called for (agreeing with the last noun in a cmpd. subject) nihil … putaret — the omission of the subject (qui) enhances the feeling of being drawn through a breathless list. [Cf. ad 39.21 (ego)] [Dyck and others read qui nihil.]

nihil expetendum — sc. esse [pass. periphrastic in acc. + ind. introduced by putaret] quod esset … coniunctum — subj. by attraction to putaret, on which it depends, or rel. clause of characteristic quod = id quod (suppressed antecedent) dignitas: merit, virtue hunc … instructum atque ornatum — sc. esse (indir. disc. introduced by puto) hunc — picking up si quis in 39.21 mea sententia — abl. of specification indicating accordance: “in my opinion” [A&G 418a] puto — redundancy of a sort commonly found in Cic.]

[mea sententia …

divinis — i.e., of a kind that one would normally associate with a god rather than a mortal [the first of a number of ironical touches in the last part of this section that potentially undercut the idealized portrait that Cic. is presenting] bonis — noble qualities (instr. abl.) [cf. 34.22] 5

instruo: prepare, make ready, furnish, provide, endow, to equip, fit out; instruct, verse in orno — adorn genus — type, sort [Latin employs ex + abl. where Engl. employs “of”] illos — “those well-known” [the use of the pl. in the following list of proper names is potentially dismissive: “all of those …”; see below] arbitror — another potentially ambiguous touch: cf. credo at 36.20 [Citation of famous Roman figures: Cic. offers a traditional saints-gallery provided by the Roman rhetorical tradition — pretty tired stuff (Austin). One wonders whether this might not be by design. Cic. is not above standing a rhetorical trope on its head: he opens this section by expressly questioning whether anyone ever really lived up to the austere standards that the Romans associated with their ancestors (39.21-22), then presents this uninspired list. In the next passage he is going to assert that such virtues are now only to be found in dusty and decaying papyrus rolls. All of this argues for a more realistic and humane evaluation of Cael.’s past life.] [Contrast the shield of Aeneas in Vergil] Camillus: dictator in 396 and 390; captured Veii Fabricius: censor in 275; incorruptible general in war against Pyrrhus Curius: defeated Samnites (290), Pyrrhus (275) qui haec tanta fecerunt ex minimis haec — pointing to surrounding buildings in the forum (implying the grandeur of the Roman empire) ex minimis — i.e., transformed them from their humble origins [reminiscent of Aeneid 8] facio — takes both a dir. obj. and a pred. acc.

40: verum — adv. (adversative: but, yet) non solum … sed vix iam … — “not only (not) … but scarcely nowadays …” [The idiom non solum … sed … introduces two parallel constructions both dependent on the vb. reperiuntur: the force of vix in the second clause implies the negation of in moribus nostris as well as in libris.] [I.e., when the verb of the second clause is the common predicate of both clauses, the negative can be omitted in the first clause. Cf. ad 38.25 (nulla)] moribus: day-to-day practices

chartae — sheets of papyrus 10

continebant — i.e., used to contain accounts of obsolesco: to wear out, grow old, decay, fall into disuse, lose value, become obsolete [fade away] [translate as a true pfct.] neque solum … sed etiam … neque solum — “and (this is true) not only” secta: a beaten way, pathway, mode, manner, method, principle ratio — method re magis quam verbis — in deed rather than in word / in our deeds rather than merely in fine words [either abl. of specification or instr. abl. (parallels elsewhere in Cic. suggest the latter: cf. Grk. λόγῳ — ἔργῳ)] secuti sumus — continues the metaphor implicit in sectam [The last part of section 40 is convoluted even by Cic.’s standards. I have attempted to drill down by separating out the main syntactical units. In the end, it is impossible to translate this passage into Engl. without relying on some form of anacoluthon.] sed etiam apud Graecos … alia quaedam … praecepta exstiterunt — but even among the Greeks certain other doctrines have arisen [This detour, which gives Cic. the opportunity to deride various popular philosophical doctrines, is artificial in the extreme.] praeceptum: maxim, rule, precept, principle; an order, direction, command, bidding; an injunction; [doctrine] exsisto: step out or forth, to come forth, emerge, appear quibus … loqui … et scribere honeste et magnifice licebat — to whom the skill of speaking and writing in a grandly noble vein used to be granted (back in the old days) honestus: bringing or deserving of honor, honorable, respectable, creditable, worthy, virtuous, decent, proper, becoming magnificus — great, elevated, noble, distinguished, eminent, august cum facere non possent — although they were not able to act (in such a way in practice) (i.e., to live up to the high ideals they expressed) [recalling re magis quam verbis above] facere — behave, act; implement, put into action tamen — responds to the concessive force of the intervening cum-clause mutatis Graeciae temporibus — due to the changed fortunes of Greece (abl. abs.) [to be taken closely with alia quaedam … praecepta exstiterunt] [Some edd. omit Graeciae as a fussy later attempt at clarification]

tempora — circumstances, fortunes, “times”

41: alii dixerunt sapientes omnia facere voluptatis causa — [the reference is to the Epicureans] [It seems best to take the pfcts. in the following account as preterites rather than as true pfcts.: Cic. describes how it is that even those who were supposedly wise (i.e., the Greek philosophers) lost their way in the Hellenistic period (late 4th century to Cic.’s day).] sapientes — the wise, those schooled in philosophy [Note the acc. pl. ending in -es] ab hac orationis turpitudine — a grander way of conveying ab hac turpi oratione [abstract for concrete] [“this scandalous type of public discourse” — an allusion to the way they allegedly promoted such base notions in their public presentations]

eruditi — emphatic by position (has almost a concessive force in this context) refugio — flee from, shrink or abstain from; avoid, shun oratio — public discourse, display speech dignitatem cum voluptate coniungendam — sc. esse [pass. periphrastic in indir. disc.] [The reference is to the Academics and the Peripatetics.] dignitas: merit, virtue [cf. 39.3] ut coniungerent res maxime inter se repugnantis — final clause (“in an attempt to …”) maxime — altogether inter se repugnantis — standing in opposition/disagreement to one another [cf. 12.11] [pred.] repugno — fight against, resist; oppose, disagree, be contrary facultas: capability, power, means, opportunity, skill, ability, readiness [instr. abl.] dicendi — gerund (defining gen.) [facultas dicendi — glibness of their arguments: as Austin notes, here in reference to the practice of dialectic. (This passage offers a clear indication of Cic.’s approach to matters philosophical!))] [This criticism again recalls the allusion to re magis quam verbis at 40.11] (illi) qui probaverunt illud iter relicti sunt 20

unum — i.e., sole, only derectus: straight, not curved, unswerving; moving straight forward/in straight line; direct, absolute; upright, perpendicular; simple; forthright/undisguised; strict legal; sheer/steep; level; open/straightforward [in contrast to the devious sophistries associated with the other philosophical schools] iter — the same metaphor as at 8.12, 38.26, 40.11. Cf. below. ad laudem — [note that Cic. implies a very Roman definition of virtue: one that aims for public esteem based on service to the Republic] cum labore — i.e., that is attended by toil, effort (illi) qui — suppressed antecedent [illi then provides the subject of sunt relicti] [i.e., those who offered this brand of philosophical education: by implication, the Stoics] probo —to champion something soli — alone [pred.] relinquo — the act. takes both a dir. obj. and a pred. acc.; the latter is retained (in the nom.) in the pass. construction (soli) blandimentum: anything that pleases the senses, an object that charms, an allurement, a pleasure, charm, delight [cf. 37.19] genuit — [Cic. here presents a humorous account of how nature herself brought forth the temptations that led people to stray from the virtuous paths upon which their ancestors used to tread — a quasi-mythical variant of the more common account found, e.g., in the early sections of Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae.] quibus … coniveret — rel. clause of characteristic quibus: causal abl. with both sopita and coniveret [“under the influence of which …”] sopio — lull to sleep, put in a drowsy state conniveo: close/screw up the eyes, blink; wink at, overlook, turn a blind eye, connive [here: allow the eyes to droop in sleep, go to sleep] [sopita coniveret: was lulled into a sleepy state and allowed its eyes to droop] adulescentiae: abstract for concrete (the young) [likely dat. (cf. nobis at 41.22) — to be taken with lubricas (dat of ref: so far as young men are concerned) or, less happily, with ostendit]

lubricas — slippery (pred.) ostendit — sc. natura as subject quibus … vix posset — rel. clause of characteristic illa — sc. adulescentia insisto: to set foot, take a stand, stand on, step on, tread on [find its footing] [both insisto and ingredior take the dat.] ingredior — enter upon casus: moral fall, a false step, an error, fall 25

prolapsio: slipping, falling; error, misstep (Dyck)]

[One family of mss. reads aut prolapsione, which is to be preferred

varietatem multarum rerum iucundissimarum rerum iucundissimarum — very pleasant delights varietas: diversity, variety; varied clothing, colored attire (implies splendor); array dedit — sc. natura as subject [do — provide] qua … caperetur — rel. clause of characteristic/purpose qua — instr. abl. non modo … sed etiam haec aetas: pointing to Caelius (“young men of this age”) [abstract for concrete] iam conrobata — sc. aetas [corrobo: strengthen or invigorate, to make strong, to corroborate. In pass: grown up, adult —one that has attained the vigor/strength/firmness of full maturity] [cf. 7.3; 11.28; 39.22; 43.22; 44.8] capio — ensnare, entice

42: quam ob rem — therefore [quam is a connecting rel. pron. with embedded antecedent] si quem — quem = aliquem (after si, non, nisi, ne) si inveneritis … putabunt — the use of the fut. pfct. in the protasis is idiomatic (cf. ad 2.18-19) qui aspernetur … capiatur, excludat — rel. clause of characteristic oculis — instr. abl. (“disdains/scorns with his eyes” — i.e., turns his eyes from) rerum — i.e., the physical world

[pulchritudinem rerum — the splendors of this world (abstract for concrete)]

capio — ensnare, entice 1

suavitas: sweetness, pleasantness, agreeableness (i.e., pleasant music) [The list that Cic. provides here is readily associated with the pleasures of the convivium: the smell of scented oils (perfume), the feel of luxurious garments and coverlets, the taste of fancy dishes, pleasant strains of music] huic homini — picking up quem in 42.27 ego fortasse et pauci — sc. homines [i.e., those few who have opted for an austere life devoted to learning — a list that Cic. humorously implies might or might not include himself!]

ego et pauci deos propitios huic homini (esse) (putabimus), plerique deos iratos huic homini (esse) putabunt — [asyndeton] deos propitios/iratos esse alicui — i.e., to enjoy the gods’ blessings/anger; to be blessed/cursed by the gods propitius: favorable, well-disposed, gracious, kind, propitious haec via … relinquatur — jussive subj. deserta … et inculta atque interclusa — pred. desertus — deserted; desert, solitary, waste inculta — untended iam — i.e., in our present age (following the period of decline set out in 40-41) frondibus et virgultis ̛— instr. abl. virgultum: bush, brush relinquo — abandon detur … sit … denegentur … superet … vincat — jussive subj. detur: let there be granted ludus — sport, play, frolic (cf. ad 39.2) [The consensus now supports the reading: detur aliquid [ludus] aetati — taking ludus as an intrusive gloss that originally highlighted the parallel to dederit aliquid temporis ad ludum aetatis (42.14)] [detur aliquid — let a certain concession be made to/in the case of …] [aetas / adulescentia: the period of one’s youth — i.e., the young] 5

liberior — cf. ad 38.13 (libere). [Consider the force of the comparative here, which could be taken in one of two ways but is likely absolute: A&G 291a (somewhat/rather unrestrained, unrestricted, unshackled)] non in a series of jussive clauses: limits meaning of single word (non omnia, non semper) — the litotes yields a vivid series of expressions but also highlights fact that even here some restraint is to be employed superet — employed in an absolute sense (prevail) illa vera et derecta ratio — cf. 40.11 and 41.20 [Some edd. dislike vera with ratio (esp. with rationem in what follows). These read, instead, vera illa et derecta via. It is easy to imagine how an interlinear gloss citing the parallel passages might have led to the confusion.] derectus: see ad 41.20 [Used here to set up a contrast with the more roundabout path to a virtuous maturity described in the latter part of this section: phps. another point in favor of reading via here] dum modo / dummodo + subj. — introducing a proviso illa: i.e., that well-known, commonly accepted [illustrated in what follows] in hoc genere: [cf. ad 36.19] praescriptio: precept, order, rule, law, proviso moderatio — a controlling, guidance, government, regulation; a moderating, restraining [restraint] [with praescriptio: “moderating precept” (Dyck) — hendiadys] teneatur: be maintained, observed (jussive subj. with dum modo) parcat … spoliet … effundat … trucidetur … incurrat … inferat … terreat … intersit … careat … revocet — jussive subj. parcat — i.e., preserve, not violate (+ dat.) iuventus: a collective noun

pudicitia: shamefastness, modesty, chastity, virtue [Austin’s “repute” is too vague but gets the sense] [cf. ad 6b.16: preserving one’s pudicitia did not mean abstaining from sexual relations altogether but from those forms of sexual relations that would bring shame upon a freeborn Roman male] spolio: strip, to deprive of covering, rob of clothing; rob, plunder, pillage, spoil; to deprive, despoil; deprive or rob one of something alienam — sc. pudicitiam (i.e., someone else’s claim to an honorable respectability in sexual matters) [via seduction or rape] (“let him not despoil someone else of theirs”) effundo — lavish, squander, waste, run through 10

faenus: usury (interest on loans) trucido: cut to pieces, to slay or kill cruelly, to slaughter, butcher, massacre; demolish, destroy, ruin [Austin: be crippled] incurro: run into or towards, run upon, assail, attack, invade; assault carnally; make an assault against [The most ready reference here is to the crime of adulterium, which regularly was imagined to occur within the woman’s home. One of the charges against Caelius alleged actual assaults on respectable women as they were returning home from dinner-parties (20.25-26) but that ill suits the allusion here to domum atque familia] probrum: disgrace arising from an infamous act, shame, reproach, disgrace, dishonor, infamy castus — morally pure, unpolluted, spotless, guiltless, virtuous labes: stain, blot, stigma, disgrace, discredit [vs. (different root) ruin, destruction] [cf. 52.17] integer: blameless, irreproachable, spotless, pure, honest, virtuous bonis — cf. 14.5 infero: bring forward, introduce; to produce, make, excite, occasion, cause, inflict, impose ne quem — quem = aliquem intersum — be a part of, be party to insidiae — treacherous plots, schemes scelus — wicked deed, heinous act, crime, sin, enormity, wickedness cum paruerit … dederit: determinative cum-clause with fut. pfct. ind. (Woodcock 232) [asyndeton] pareo — give way to, yield to aliquid temporis — partitive gen. with generic neut. pron. ludum aetatis — the (foolish) diversions of the young/appropriate to the young hasce — has + deictic enclitic particle -ce

revocet — jussive subj. curam rei domesticae, etc. — attention to the (serious) affairs of his household, of the forum, of the State [objective gen.] reique publicae — others read simply rei publicae (asyndeton) ut ea abiecisse et contempsisse videatur quae ratione antea non perspexerat ratione — instr. abl. [parallel to and contrasting with the following satietate … experiendo] perspicio: look through, examine, inspect; perceive, note, observe, explore, prove, ascertain [thoroughly evaluate] [cf. 45.14] [Some edd. read despexerat, which is more apt. (despicio — despise, disdain)] satietas: the state of being glutted or sated; a loathing, disgust, satiety [causal abl.]

experiendo — gerund [instr. abl.] contempsisse — to have come to despise [Cic. here sets out the rationale that underlies the portrayal, e.g., of the noble young men in Terence’s comedies.] [The latter part of 42 and all of 43 is anticipated at 28: Austin 159-61; Dyck 26]

43: et nostra et patrum maiorumque memoria — memoria (abl.) = “within the memory of” [i.e., in the time of] [+ gen. or poss. adj.] maiores — ancestors multi … homines et … cives fuerunt, quorum … virtutes … exstiterunt 20

summi: of highest rank/order fuerunt — [to be taken in an absolute sense: “there were/have been”] quorum — “whose” (poss. gen. with virtutes) defervesco: cease raging, cool down, be allayed, be assuaged (metaphor from boiling water — where we say “simmer down,” “fizzle out”) firmata iam aetate — abl. abs. [expands upon cum adulescentiae cupiditates defervissent] firmata — i.e., once it had reached a robust maturity, attained the firm self-knowledge that attends maturity [the same image at 7.3; 11.28; 39.22; 41.27] [firmo — make firm/durable; fortify, strengthen, secure] libet — it is agreeable (+ dat.) [i.e., I would not willingly …] vosmet — [-met is a emphatic suffix: cf. tute] recordamini — imperative [with vobiscum (“among yourselves”) — i.e., remind one another] nolo erratum cum laude coniungere fortis — gallant, valiant, noble ne … quidem — not even (emphasizing the word or words that this expression brackets: reinforces the negative nolo)

erratum: error, mistake, fault [misstep] maxima laude — i.e., the outstanding praise/renown that he deserves quod si facere vellem — quod is a connecting rel. pron. [picking up the earlier reference to naming specific individuals] si vellem … praedicarentur — pres. contrary-to-fact condition [praedicarentur has the force of a potential subj. — “could be proclaimed”] ornatus: ornamented, adorned, decked, decorated, embellished, handsome, ornate; esp., adorned with all good qualities, excellent, distinguished, eminent, illustrious [summi atque ornatissimi viri — men of the highest rank and distinction] praedico: cry in public, make known by crying in public, to publish, proclaim [make public, often with the idea of advertisement or boasting (Austin)] quorum … nominarentur — subj. by attraction to praedicarentur, on which it depends, or rel. clause of characteristic; like nominarentur, it has the force of a potential subj. (“could be cited”) [nominarentur agrees in number with the nearest noun]

quorum — poss. gen. (“whose” — to be taken with libertas … luxuries … magnitudo … sumptus … libidines) [cf. 43.21-22: see next n. however] partim … partim — “in some instances …, in others …” [In Engl., phps. the easiest way of conveying this is, “in whose youth there could be cited, in some instances, …, in others, …”] [Austin seems to take partim more closely with quorum as “a very loose adv. of reference” — “in connection with some of whom …”] libertas — license, lack of restraint (cf. 38.13; 42.5) in adulescentia — this prep. phrase is to be taken as modifying the entire list of failings profusa luxuries — lavish extravagance [cf. 42.9: effundat] libidines — i.e., love-affairs, sexual transgressions [abstract for concrete] quae, obtecta multis postea virtutibus, qui vellet defenderet excusatione adulescentiae quae … defenderet — rel. clause of characteristic quae — alluding to all of the faults just listed (n. pl.) multis … virtutibus — instr. abl. postea — i.e., that they displayed later in life obtego: cover over, cover up (for protection or concealment) [overshadowed] [circumstantial ptcple.: “once they had been overshadowed …”] 1

adulescentiae — appositional gen. (with excusatione) qui vellet … defenderet: continues the pres. contrary-to-fact mode of the sentence to which it is appended. qui vellet (“[anyone] who wished”) for quivis — i.e., quivis posset defendere] excusatione — defense, plea (instr. abl.)

44: in M. Caelio — i.e., in the case of Cael. studia — activities, pursuits honestus: distinguished, honorable, respectable, noble [emphatic by position — in contrast to the sordid allegations Cic. has been alluding to earlier] quoniam quaedam libere confiteri audeo, fretus sapientia vestra — [Cic. acknowledges that he has to address the fact that Cael. has not led a blameless life, but argues that his client has never displayed any vicious faults. As Dyck notes, this subject is not truly broached until 75.] quaedam — n. pl. (sc. studia — i.e., certain unnamed pursuits of a less admirable character) sapientia — instr. abl. with fretus [cf. 21.10-12; 22.20; 32.7 (prudentia)] sumptus — i.e., excessive expenditures 5

conviviorum ac lustrorum — obj. gen. with libido lustrum: slough, bog, morass, puddle; haunt or den of wild beasts; brothel, dive (of any low establishment — brothel, inn, eatery — where one mingled with the masses and had ready access to women who sold their favors for a pittance: cf. §Martial 5.70] [“debauchery” (Austin)] [cf. below ad gurgitis] [lustrorum offers a stark contrast to the lavish aristocratic conviviorum, presenting the opposite extreme; both settings, however, suggest an overindulgence in food, wine, and sex.] libido — passion for (“obsession with”) [The list presented in lines 4-5 is synonymous with that of 43.27-29; the principal difference: the libidines of 43.29 are here parsed somewhat more precisely.]

quod … vitium — quod is a connecting rel. pron. with embedded antecedent [“this failing/weakness”] [acc.] aetas non modo non minuit [hoc] vitium sed etiam auget ventris et gurgitis — gen.: belonging to, characteristic of (but see next n.) gurges: raging abyss, whirlpool, gulf; gluttonous person [gurgitis is difficult. Dyck takes ventris et gurgitis as “gourmandizing and excessive expenditure” (which involves two distinct uses of the gen.). The obvious emendation (gutturis: gullet, throat) has not won acceptance. In any case, the focus here is on what might be called passive pleasures that can lure people of all ages into an extravagant manner of living — food, drink, expensive dinner-parties, and (lustrorum) self-indulgence of a more debased sort.] non modo non … sed etiam … aetas — [here = “age” in the sense of “maturity,” “growing older”] hominibus — dat. of ref. [in the case of human beings, so far as human beings are concerned] [the vices that Cic. is considering are specifically human in nature: animals and divine beings are exempt from them] [The logic of the sg. vitium here, along with the focus on gluttony, is somewhat mystifying since the preceding list suggests a wide variety of unspecified moral failings. Dyck rejects the proposal to del. the words quod quidem … auget on the grounds that the following sentence seems to require some such intervening statement. But the logic of Cic.’s argument here has been established by section 43.] amores et deliciae …numquam hunc occupatum impeditumque tenuerunt amores — illicit love-affairs (illae) quae deliciae vocantur — “(those things) that are referred to as ‘deliciae’” (suppressed antecedent) [deliciae is a pred. nom. after vocantur] [quae is fem. nom. pl., anticipating the gender of deliciae] [others read hae deliciae quae vocantur, which yields the same sense (hae anticipates the gender and number of deliciae)] deliciae: delight, pleasure, charm, allurement; deliciousness, luxuriousness, voluptuousness, curiosities of art; sport, frolics; tricks, jokes, sport; delight, darling, sweetheart, beloved — “dalliances” [a term of which Catullus is fond] [amores and deliciae take us into the type of failing associated specifically with young men] firmus: strong, steadfast, stable, robust [cf. 43.22] animo — instr. abl. with praeditis praeditus: gifted with, provided with, possessed of, furnished with [masc. dat. pl. — employed as a substantive: “those who are equipped with …”] diutius — i.e., once they have reached full adulthood molestus — cf. 18.3; 36.6 mature: betimes, early, speedily, quickly, soon 10

defloresco: drop blossoms, fade, wither, decay, decline, lose their bloom [cf. 43.21 (defervissent)] hunc — Caelius occupo: take possession of, seize, occupy, engross [pred. — see below re teneo] impedio: entangle, ensnare, shackle, hamper, hinder, hold fast, encumber [Other edd. read impeditumque] teneo — takes both a dir. obj. and a pred. acc. (as in Engl.)

45: audistis = audivistis

diceret — take Cael. as subject (As one would expect, Cael. presented the first of the three speeches offered in his defense) accusaret — i.e., when he prosecuted Bestia earlier that same year (a cunning way of reminding the audience of Atratinus’ true motive for prosecuting Cael.) haec loquor defendendi causa, non gloriandi — Cic. assures his audience that he is not simply praising Cael.’s skill as a speaker in order to play up his own skill as a teacher [others read eloquor] defendendi … non gloriandi — gerund with causa indicating purpose defendendi — absolute (“presenting a defense”) genus, facultatem, copiam — obj. of perspexistis genus — type, manner, style facultas — skilled ease, facility copia — “rich store” (that he has built up through long study) sententiae — “thoughts” (Austin); terse, pointed observations, esp. of a moralistic tone (OLD) that were taken as indications that the speaker possessed a soundness of both judgment and character (Grk. διάνοια) [sound, cunningly wrought observations] [The relevance of such moral pronouncements is mocked at Terence, Adelphoe 412 where the foolish father Demea boasts of his son, praeceptorum plenust istorum ille, not realizing that the young man is in fact a cowardly wastrel.] verba — i.e., diction, expression more generally (one does not want to think of Donald Trump here) quae vestra prudentia est = eā prudentiā quae vestra est / eā prudentiā quā estis [Austin/Dyck] (“by means of that particular discernment that you possess [as experienced jurors]”) [in the latter paraphrase qua is abl. of description] — or, more likely, take as the equivalent of nam ea vestra prudentia est / nam talis vestra prudentia est [causal: “given that that is your …”, “such is your …” — on this reading, we have the parenthetical use of a connecting rel. pron.] [Brown ad Hor. Sat. 1.9.54] prudentia — discernment, insight (based on study and practice) [cf. 32.7; 44.3] in eo — with both videbatis and inerat [The demons. picks up genus orationis — again, the allusion is to the speech that Cael. delivered in his own defense.] 15

non solum … videbatis …, sed inerat … ingenium elucere — acc. + inf. following vb. of perception ingenium — natural talent eius — not redundant, although it might seem to be quod saepe … valet — “(a thing/something) that often thrives/succeeds/avails”

[quod picks up ingenium]

etiam … tamen — correlative industria — application, practice, hard work (instr. abl.) [cf. 1.12, 12.7] ipsum suis viribus — suis viribus: instr. abl. (“by means of its own innate abilities”) [the intensive ipsum (picking up quod) is juxtaposed to the refl. adj. and reinforces it: “on its own”] inerat — some edd. read in eo erat (easily accounted for on paleographic grounds) nisi me … fallebat — see Dyck ad loc. [= nisi animus me fallebat — “unless my mind deceived me.” This common expression eventually was compressed, with fallebat assuming the force of an impers. vb.: i.e., “unless I was deceived”] benivolentiam — my good will toward/bias in favor of Cael. ratio et … instituta et … elaborata (the ptcples. are pred. [circumstantial ptcple.])

ratio: method, theoretical knowledge [“(professional) skill,” “expertise” (although the latter suggests practical experience rather than conceptual mastery) — as opposed to mere ingenium (natural talent)] (i.e., evidence of Cael.’s mastery of the finer points of rhetorical practice) bonis artibus … cura et vigiliis — instr. abl. bonae artes: liberal studies instituta: instilled, established, imparted, inculcated cura: diligence vigiliis — long nights (of study) elaborata: developed atqui — but anyhow, yet, notwithstanding, however, but nevertheless, and yet

[Others read atque]

scitote — fut. imperative: http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/latin/RLsheets/5Gfutimperative.pdf [“be assured”]

[Dyck 18]

eas cupiditates … atque haec studia … non esse posse — acc. + inf. introduced by scitote obicio: throw out against one; to taunt, reproach, or upbraid with anything (as a crime) 20

disputo: discourse esse — exist fieri enim non potest ut animus … hoc … possit sustinere fieri non potest — impers. (“it is not able to come about/happen”) + consecutive clause deditus … impeditus — pred. (with animus) deditus: devoted to, given over to, abandoned to amore, desiderio, cupiditate, … copia, inopia — instr. abl. (with impeditus) copia … inopia — i.e., either too ready access to the beloved or the lack thereof (?). [See Dyck ad loc. and cf. Ov. Metam. 3.464 (Narcissus): quod cupio mecum est: inopem me copia fecit.] [copia = access, means of availing oneself of someone/thing.] [I.e., both overindulgence in sexual liaisons and the obsessive distraction occasioned by lack of access to one’s beloved. (See Catullus, Ovid, and the youthful male lovers of Roman comedy!) Older commentators take the words in a financial sense but that interpretation does not jibe with the other items in Cic.’s list.] non numquam — i.e., sometimes impedio: entangle, ensnare, shackle, hamper, hinder, hold fast [pred.] hoc quod nos facimus in dicendo, quicquid est, quoquo modo (id) facimus — “this thing that we do in speaking/when we present an oration, whatever it is and in whatever way we do it” [It is easy to deride Cic.’s self-congratulatory mystification of his own profession but the study, application, imagination, mental agility, and physical stamina involved in composing, mastering, and then actually delivering these orations — generally without notes — was considerable. On Cic.’s practice, see Dyck 25-26.] dicendo — gerund quoquo modo — abl. of manner

non modo agendo, verum etiam cogitando — gerund [abl. of respect with sustinere] [“not only in regard to the performance/delivery (of the speech) but even in its composition”] [Clark punctuates so as to associate these phrases with sustinere possit; Dyck associates them with the preceding quoquo modo facimus.] agendo — in the execution, in the actual delivery [the vb. is also used of performing a role on stage] cogitando — planning [composition] [It is phps. significant that Cic. does not refer here to writing: see ad lines 23-24 above.]

sustineo — endure

46: an: frequently argumentative, to anticipate and reject a line of argument: often ironical ullam aliam causam esse cur … tam sint semperque fuerint — indir. question in tantis praemiis …, tanta voluptate …, tanta laude, tanta gratia, tanto honore — amidst … (i.e., given the promise of …) eloquentiae … dicendi — most readily taken as obj. gen. dicendi — gerund [A&G 504] [The allusion here seems to be, once again, to the performative element in Cic.’s craft: the joy in holding a crowd entranced by one’s oratory.] 1

gratia: good will, thanks [such great opportunity to win the obligation of others] [“popularity,” “influence”] [cf. 1.13; 13.20] honor: prestige pauci — employed as a substantive (sc. homines) fuerint — pfct. subj. (translate as true pfct.) qui … versentur — subj. by attraction to sint … fuerint, or rel. clause of characteristic [picks up tam pauci] versor: occupy or busy one’s self with any action, to be engaged in something obterendae sunt … relinquenda (sunt) … deserendus est — pass. periphrastic [sc. tibi/oratori] obtero: crush, trample on, degrade, disgrace, contemn, disparage, ravage, destroy [repress] studia delectationis: pleasurable pursuits [Englert] [delectationis — obj. gen.] [omnes is to be taken with both voluptates and studia] ludus — diversion, pastime [cf. 42.4 and 14] iocus — jest, joke sermo … familiarum — conversations with one’s friends [The list here recalls the delights of the aristocratic cena/convivium presented as innocent, frivolous activities: cf. ad 42.28-1] est … deserendus — to be taken with the list ludus … sermo (agreeing, as often with the last item on that list): presents sermo … familiarum as a climax qua re = quare

in hoc genere: cf. ad 36.19; 42.7-8 [in this line of thing, of this sort] offendo: stumble, blunder, make a mistake, commit a fault; to commit an offence, to be offensive; shock, offend, mortify, vex, displease, put off a studioque — [studium — i.e., the strict practice of oratory] involving a/ab/ob/sub/apud; freq. also with de, ex, in]

[enclitic -que is often delayed in prep. phrases

deterreo — discourage from quo: for the reason that, because [non quo is regularly followed by subjunctive: G&L 541.2 — a rejected hypothesis, as if put forward by another person; cf. quasi + subj.] [quo — properly: eo quo; employed here by the same logic that allows it to introduce a final clause containing a comparative term] ingenia — i.e., individuals who possess natural talent [abstract for concrete]

doctrina puerilis — a proper system for training boys in the necessary skills (i.e., individuals who have had such training)

47: an — cf. ad 46.25 hic … hic — Cael. si … dedidisset, … vocavisset — past contrary-to-fact condition sese = se [see ad 11.28] vita — i.e., manner of life dedidisset — from dedo (Others read dedisset) consularem hominem: Antonius [59 BC: Caelius’ first prosecution (when he was either 23 or 29 years old), with Cic. forced to speak in defense of his former colleague] admodum (adv.) — wholly, quite, absolutely (with adulescens) [“while still …”] adulescens — pred. si … fugeret, si … teneretur, …versaretur, appeteret, … vocaret, subiret, … dimicaret – pres. contrary-to-fact condition obstrictus … teneretur — cf. ad 44.10-11 (occupatum impeditumque tenuerunt) obstringo: bind, tie, fetter, constrain; to involve or implicate (someone in something) acies: front of an army (conceived of as the edge of a sword), line of battle, battle-array; battleground (of the jury courts) [“the hurly-burly of the courts”] [Cic. here moves from the celebration of oratory as a select art to a picture of the dangers that attended participation in the zero-sum game of Roman politics.] 10

versaretur — cf. 46.2 appeteret inimicitias — [while the life of the orator offered a good opportunity to win gratia (above, 46.1), it also inevitably led to the fostering of enemies] [inimicitias — “vendettas” (Dyck); alt. — abstract for concrete] vocaret — sc. homines subeo: submit to, take on, subject himself to periculum capitis: danger to one’s life; threat to one’s political/legal freedoms — i.e., threat of legal prosecution [caput — life of a person (esp. when in danger); one’s life as forfeit against various offenses — often employed in reference to the loss of citizen rights (and consequent exile)] inspectante populo Romano — abl. abs. [a reference to the large crowds that frequently watched such trials (another association with theatrical performance)] tot mensis — acc. of extent [another hint regarding Cael.’s age (mensis vs. annos): Cael.’s prosecution of Antonius took place just less than three years earlier] aut de salute aut de gloria — i.e., either in defending himself against prosecution or in seeking glory by prosecuting others dimico: fight, struggle, contend (as in battle) [iam dimicaret — “would he have been contending now for so many months.” For this use of iam, see OLD s.v. 3c: iam employed with expressions denoting extent of time to indicate the existence of a fact prior to the time indicated: e.g., sex menses iam hic nemo habitat] nihilne … redolet, nihihne … fama, nihil Baiae … loquuntur — Cic. anticipates an objection from a juror who recalls the various allegations presented by the prosecution vicinitas — the Palatine: more specifically, the proximity of Caelius’ home to that of Clodia (cf. 37.18-19)

redoleo — give off a smell, smell of something (+ acc.) [here: give off a suspicious scent/a whiff of impropriety) [nihil is a cognate acc.] nihilne … fama, nihil Baiae … loquuntur — cf. 38.27 hominum — subjective gen. illae — those things [illae agrees with Baiae but points back to the entire preceding list.] 15

non … solum verum etiam persono: sound through and through, resound, fill with sound, re-echo; cry out, call aloud; trumpet forth libidinem unius mulieris huc prolapsam esse — acc. + inf. introduced by personant huc (adv.) — to this point prolabor: glide, slip, fall; fall to decay, to sink, decline, go to ruin ut non modo … non quaerat, sed … laetetur — consecutive clause introduced by huc ea — fem. nom. sg. solitudinem ac tenebras — suggests not only the concealment that one would normally associate with vice but the standard haunts of the demimonde (murky brothels; secluded places by the city walls or in cemeteries outside the walls) haec — i.e., these sorts of, similar, these familiar flagitiorum — obj. gen. integumenta: concealments in turpissimis rebus — [with laetor] rebus — activities celebritate … luce — abl. of location without in celebritas: great number, a multitude, a large assembly, a numerous concourse or gathering, a crowd, throng; fame, renown

48: 20

si quis — quis = aliquis [si quis est qui — “if there exists anyone who …”] qui … putet — rel. clause of characteristic etiam — [Here we find a reflection the male Roman’s view of sex outside of marriage: so long as the male citizen brought no shame on another male citizen, assumed the active role in his sexual liaisons, and maintained a certain moderation and control (e.g., did not bankrupt himself or become a thrall to his beloved), extramarital sex was not a matter about which he need be ashamed. Cf. above ad 6b.16 (pudicitia); 30b.20 (adulter); 42.8-9. Socioeconomic considerations also come into play here. The meretrix was considered — notionally, at least — to be a non-Roman and likely a slave/freedwoman: exploiting such individuals for sex was an accepted practice.] meretriciis amoribus — (amores = illicit affairs) [abl. of separation] [Note: there is no longer any pretense of treating Clodia in a respectful manner] [Roman comedy offers many instances of older men countenancing such love-affairs on the part of aristocratic youths. Cf., e.g., Phidippus in Terence, Hecyra 542-43: verum id vitium numquam decrevi esse ego adulescentiae. nam id innatumst (“But I’ve never considered this a vice in a young man. It’s natural” — J. Barsby, tr.)] [Austin quotes St. Augustine, Serm. 153.6: quis enim aliquando ad iudicem ductus est, quia meretricis lupanar intravit?] iuventuti — a collective noun

interdictum esse — impersonal pass. (acc. + inf. with putet) [interdico alicui aliquā re: forbid someone from (engaging in/with) something] [transl.: “that a young man is barred from affairs …”] est ille — “that man is …” (picking up quis in 48.20) abhorreo: be remote from an object, i.e. to vary or differ from, to be inconsistent or not to agree with [be out of step with: Englert] (be at odds with) (with ab + abl.) non modo a licentia … verum etiam a consuetudine atque concessis licentia — [Cic. here sardonically agrees with the moralists in conceding the decadent nature of his own age: cf. 39-42] maiores — ancestors consuetudo — custom, practice concedo: grant or yield something to one as a favor or from regard; forgive, pardon; yield, or resign one’s self, acquiesce in [maiorum consuetudine atque concessis — the concessions customarily granted by our ancestors (hendiadys)] [i.e., even our ancestors allowed this sort of behavior on the part of unmarried young men] quando hoc non factitatum est, quando reprehensum (est), quando non permissum (est) hoc — i.e., the practice of young men having love affairs factio (1) — to do frequently or habitually 25

reprehendo: check, restrain an erring person or (more freq.) the error itself; hence, by meton., to blame, censure, find fault with, reprove, rebuke, reprehend quando fuit ut — when was it that … (+ consecutive clause) [A&G 569.3] quando fuit ut non liceret (alicui facere id) quod licet (alicui facere) (id) quod licet — suppressed antecedent licet … liceret — [in both instances, the impers. licet understands alicui facere] [ut non liceret — subst. result clause] hic (adv.): at this point in my speech — i.e., in what follows definio: designate by limiting; to limit, define, settle, fix ipsam — [others follow the ms. tradition in reading iam] rem — “fact,” “matter” (i.e., the facts of the case) [cf. 6b.22]

tantum — just so much (neut.) [Austin: cf. Cic. Brutus 333, In Verr. 2.1.72] or “only,” “merely” (adv.) [Dyck] [with what follows, the choice is betw: 1) “only so much will I leave undefined” or 2) “I will merely leave it for your consideration”] [This passage is much disputed: various other emendations have been proposed] medium (substantive): a neutral or uncommitted state; the midst, the open, the view, the public [in medio relinquere: to leave something undecided, undefined — or, to leave it available to all, for all to see] [see prev. n.] [Here and below cf. 38.8-16]

49: si quae … mulier — quae = aliqua [earlier edd. print qua here] si patefecerit … conlocarit … instituerit, si … faciat, si … gerat — this complex paragraph opens with a compound protasis of a fut.-less-vivid condition (pfct. and pres. subj.) but then gets so caught up in its string of conditions that it has to stop at videatur (10) and start again (anacolouthon) [The pfct. subj. in

conditions is sometimes aoristic (i.e., virtually identical to the pres.) but generally, as here, can be translated “should have (at any time) …”] non nupta — “without a husband” (Austin): vs. vidua (innupta would not be accurate) omnium cupiditati — abstract for concrete (cf. 38.11: libidines omnium) palamque — cf. 47.16-19 sese = se [see ad 11.28] vita — mode of life, way of making a living conloco: to place, set, station, dispose of, occupy, employ, put; give in marriage [cf. locare se or locare operam suam: to hire one’s self out, hire out one’s services] [collocarit = collocaverit] alienissimorum — cf. ad 33.6 conviviis — [instr. abl. with utor] [Roman women enjoyed more social freedom than did, e.g., the women of Athens, but for a single or widowed woman to frequent banquets put on by men with whom she had no family connection, unaccompanied by a male family-member, would be a matter for comment: such behavior is typical of the meretrices of the comic tradition.] instituo: undertake, begin, commence; take upon oneself; purpose, determine [instituo uti = set about employing/taking part in] [uti

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